!

ru
" -D
; zr

= a
; ^
; CD

: CD

I
I

l-q
a
m
a

en

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTKATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBHY, Sc. D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT or MOLLUSCA, ACADKMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOL XVII.

AFRICAN ACHATINID.E.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conehological Department,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
1904-1905.

PREFACE.

IN discussing the African ACHATINID^E the Author enters
an unfamiliar field. The great Powers of Europe, England,
Germany and France have made a large part of African soil
their own; and the molluscan spoils gained by soldier, ex-
plorer and missionary have been made known to science by
English, French and German conchologists. Many of the
more recently described species have been collected but once,
and are to be found in a single museum. Under these cir-
cumstances it will be understood that in the treatment of
species the views of such masters of the science as Eduard von
Martens, Edgar A. Smith, J. R. Bourguignat, Arthur More-
let and others have been adopted, and their works freely
quoted. In larger matters of classification the author has felt
upon more familiar ground, and several reforms, notably the
dismemberment of the genus Achatina, are submitted for the
consideration of malacologiste. The attention of those ob-
taining African material is earnestly directed to the fact that
only two or three genera of African Achatinidoe are ade-
quately known anatomically, and almost nothing is known
of some of the commonest West and South African genera.

H. A. P.
(iii)

CONTENTS.

. I'AGl

Family ACHATINID^E vii

Anatomy of Achatininae viii-xv

Key to genera of Achatininae xv

Subfamily Stenogyrinae , xvi

Key to genera of Stenogyrinae xviii

Descriptions of Genera and Species.
Genus ACHATINA Lamarck 1

Subgenus Leptocala Ancey 72

Genus COCHLITOMA Fer., Pilsbry 76

Genus ARCH ACHATINA Albers, Pils 104

Genus COLUMNA Perry. . 120

Genus CALLISTOPLEPA Ancey 125

Genus HOMORUS Albers , 130

Subgenus Subulona Martens 138

Genus CERAS Dupuis et Putzeys , 155

Genus PSEUDOGLESSULA Boettger 156

Genus CHILONOPSIS F. de Waldheim. 171

Genus BOCAGEIA Girard 216

Subgenus Petriola Dall 216

Genus CLAVATOR Martens 192

Genus RIEBECKIA Martens 204

Genus RUMINA Risso 211

APPENDIX 216

Genus LIMICOLARIA 216

Index to genera and subgenera 219

Reference to plates , 221

Dates of issue of the parts of vol. xvii 232

(v)

9 103

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Family ACHATINIDJ3.

Holopod, sigmurethrous snails with the central tooth of the
radula very narrow (with few exceptions), its cusp small or
absent, the side teeth tricuspid or bicuspid. Jaw generally
striated. Genitalia with no accessory organs. Kidney two or
three times the length of the pericardium. Pulmonary vein
without large branches. S'hell ovate, turrited or cylindric,
well developed and capable of containing the entire soft parts ;
the columella frequently truncated below.

Distribution, tropical and subtropical regions throughout
the world.

These snails differ from Bulimulicke by the long kidney,
from Acwuida by the very diverse venation of the lung and
the different dentition, and from the multiform group Heli-
cidce chiefly by the narrow central tooth of the radula and
the structure of the shell. Up to this time no Heliciform or
slug-like Achatinidce have been made known, but such types
probably exist in so large and varied a family.

While widely distributed in the tropics, most of the genera
are confined to Africa and middle America. In tropical
Africa the number and variety of species is very great, and
they occupy that region almost to the exclusion of other groups
of Holopod snails, excepting the carnivorous Streptaxida.
The African Achatinidce fall into three groups which may be
rated as subfamilies, although the absence of full anatomical
data at the present time renders any classification provisional.

I. Subfamily ACHATININ.E. Mostly capacious shells, ovate
or rarely subcylindric, usually decorated with zigzag

(vii)

ACHATINID^.

stripes; whorls without internal lamellae and coiled
around a slender axis, which is solid or nearly so.
African. (See below.)

II. Subfamily STENOGYRIN^E. Shell turrited or cylindric,
unicolored or having darker streaks, rarely if ever zigzag-
striped. No internal lamellae; axis slender, solid or
nearly so. Tropical in both hemispheres (see p. xvi).
III. Subfamily COELIAXIN^. Stenogyroid forms with inter-
nal lamella?, the axis usually tubular. West and South
Africa, and Parisian Eocene (see vol. xviii).

Subfamily ACHATININ^E.

This group comprises about a dozen genera, which may be
arranged as follows, the general sequence being from the
more advanced to the less specialized groups, allied forms be-
ing bracketed together.

Pseudachatina. Limicolaria.

f Atopocochlis.

Columna. C Pseudotrochus.

Archachatma. ( Perideriopsis.

r Metachatina.
{ Cochlitoma.

( Achatina
{ Burtoa

The soft anatomy of the groups is noticed below. All the
forms examined conform closely to a common type, with three
exceptions. In Limicolaria vanattai and Cochlitoma craw-
fordi I found the penis to have a true retractor, inserted dis-
tally on the diaphragm, while in all other forms known there
is a secondary retractor, a branch of the right ocular band,
and belonging to the columellar system, this structure being
regarded as characteristic of Achatinidce. The other notable
structural divergence is in the radula of Callistoplepa, which
has the middle tooth as wide as the laterals, its cusp well de-
veloped. In all other known Achatinida it is much narrower,
with the cusp reduced.

ANATOMY OF ACHATINID^.

IX

X ANATOMY OF ACHATINID^.

PSEUDACHATINA (vol. xvi, p. 205) . Soft anatomy unknown.
ATOPOCOCHLIS (vol. xvi, p. 218) has been dissected 'by Fur-
tado. The jaw (pi. 1, fig. 7, after Furtado) is thin, arcuate,
densely plicatulate vertically. Radula with 100 rows of 54.
34.20.1.20.34.54 teeth each. Centrals narrow, obsoletely tri-
cuspid, the cusp not overhanging. Laterals with the meso-
cone large, broadly rounded, the small ectocone also rounded ;
marginals with the entocone weakly developed (pi. 1, f. 6,
after Furtado).

Genitalia (pi. 1, figs. 8, 9, after Furtado). Penis with the
usual basal ring-muscle (g p.) pierced by the vas deferens;
the latter inserted at the apex, with the retractor muscle, which
is a branch from the ocular retractor (fig. 9). The sperm-
duct is free from the vagina, but unites with the uterus.
The vagina is ovoid and muscular, the duct of the sperma-
the-ca being inserted very high. The albumen gland is small
(specimen collected in December).

PSEUDOTROCHUS (vol. xvi, p. 219). The anatomy has been
investigated in P. alabaster by Semper, and P. auripigmen-
i nm by Schako. In P. alabaster the foot and the eye-tentacles
are long and narrow (pi. 1, fig. 2, after Rang) . The foot has
rn> lateral margination, and the sole is undivided. There are
two body-lobes on the left side of the mantle, small and very
far apart. The kidney is double the length of the pericar-
dium, band-like. Genitalia (pi. 1, fig. 1, after Semper)
simple, without accessory organs. The duct of the sperma-
theca is not very long, but is inserted very high on the uterus.
The vas deferens inserts at the apex of the penis, but passes
through a circular muscle encircling the lower part of the
penis. The retractor muscle of the penis is apical, and so
placed that it passes through the loop formed by the vas def-
erens. It is short and wide, and inserted on the columellar
muscle. The jaw has fine striation. Radula (pi. 1, fig. 3)
with 80 to 100 teeth in the transverse rows ; middle tooth very
small, with tridentate cusp; lateral teeth broad-cusped, with
a small blunt cusp at the outer side. In P. auripigmentum,
Shako found the jaw (pi. 1, fig. 4) and teeth (pi. 1, fig. 5)
to be like those figured by Semper for P. alabaster, except
that the central tooth is not tricuspid.

ANATOMY OP ACHATINHXE. XI

According to a drawing of P. solimana made from life by
Dr. B. Buchholz, and reproduced by v. Martens, the upper
tentacles are long, contracted near the eyes; the fore part of
the foot, from shell to head, is double the length of the short
hind part, which is vertically truncate at the end. Perhaps
the posterior truncation may be due to voluntary amputation.

PPRIDERIOPSIS (vol. xvi, p. 241) is unknown anatomically.

LIMICOLARIA (vol. xvi, p. 247). Semper has dissected L.
turbinata Rve., and I have examined L. vanattai Pils. In
the latter species the lung (pi. 65, fig. 41) is richly vascular,
the pulmonary vein predominating as usual in Achatinidce,
without large branches. The kidney is fully double the length
of the pericardium. Ureter enclosed. The genital system
(pi. 65, fig. 42) resembles that of Achatina. The penis is
thick and short, with terminal vas deferens and retractor.
The sheath is thin, and envelops the whole penis and the base
of the v. d. and retractor. The vagina is long. The retractor
muscle of the penis is inserted on the lung floor or diaphragm.

Semper reports the ring muscle or sheath of the penis as
very short in L. turbinata, which otherwise seems like L. van-
attai. The jaw of L. vanattai has rather wide flat plaits,
narrowly overlapping.

The radula (p. ix, fig. 5) of L. vanattai has 53,1,53 teeth.
Centrals narrow, with a minute cusp. Laterals large, bicus-
pid, no entocone being developed. The marginal teeth are
also bicuspid. Semper found the same type of teeth in L.
turbinata.

The soft anatomy of Limicolaria is chiefly notable for the
normal insertion of the retractor muscle of the penis.

BURTOA (vol. xvi, p. 298). Soft anatomy is unknown.

ACHATINA (vol. xvii, p. 1). The anatomy of A. fulica has
been examined by Semper, of A. panthera by Wiegmann and
others; I have dissected A. chrysoleuca and A. leucostyla.

Externally the visible soft parts of Achatina do not differ
from those of ordinary Helicidtz. The foot in A. leucostyla
is coarsely reticulated by narrow impressed lines, the large
areolge being subdivided into a fine net-work. In front of the
mantle the surface is coarsely rugose, longitudinal furrows

Xll ANATOMY OP ACHATINID^E.

'being conspicuous, especially on the sides, less so in the
middle. There seems to be no distinct dorsal groove or
grooves. The face is granulose. Small labial projections are
et each side of the mouth. The top of the foot, in some speci-
mens, is a little flattened behind by pressure of the shell, but
there is no such specialized area as has been noticed in Archa-
chatina. The mantle-edge bears small right and left lobes,
and a small right body-lobe.

The lung (pi. 64, fig. 64, A. chrysoleuca) is short, densely
veined on both the cardiac and intestinal sides. The pul-
monary vein has no large branches. The kidney is oblong,
double the length of the pericardium, and the gut ureter is
closed throughout. In A. panthera Wiegmann found the
kidney to be three times the length of the pericardium. The
jaw of A. panthera (pi. 62, fig. 24) is closely and finely stri-
ate vertically. That of A. chrysoleuca is much more coarsely
and irregularly so.

The radula has 77,1,77 teeth in A. chrysoleuca (p. ix, fig.
6). The central tooth has no cusp in any part of the radula.
The laterals have large conic mesocones, well-developed ecto-
cones and more or less obsolete vestiges of entocones. In the
outer marginal teeth the inner cusp is bifid (entocone -(-
mesocone). In A. panthera (pi. 62, figs. 22, 23) Wiegmann
counted 88,1,88 teeth. The central showed a quite rudiment-
ary denticle; but in young animals he found a small cusp
with minute protuberances on each side, indicating a degen-
erate tricuspid tooth. The lateral and marginal teeth are not
unlike those described for chrysoleuca.

The genital system of A. panthera has been figured by
Wiegmann (pi. 63, figs. 30, 32). The penis is enclosed in a
glossy sheath and is fusiform below. The vas deferens enters
through the wall of the sheath and passes upward out of its
upper orifice, making a free loop, to which the retractor
muscle is attached (fig. 30, Mr.). The vagina is very long
(38 mm.) ; the duct of the spermatheca quite short, 15 mm.
long, the spermatheca somewhat shorter.

A. fulica, dissected by Semper, is similar to A. panthera in
genitalia (Reisen, Landmoll., pi. 12, f. 17).

ANATOMY OF ACHATINHXE. Xlll

In A. leucostyla (pi. 64, figs. 65, 66) the loop of the vas
deferens does not extend out of the penis sheath (fig. 66).
The vagina is short, and the spermatheca ( fig. 65, sp. ) and its
duct very long. It differs conspicuously from pantkera in
these characters.

In A. chrysoleuca (pi. 64, fig. 68) the penis is similar to
that of leucostyla, but longer. The spermatheca duct is also
long (concealed in the figure). The relations of the penis,
vas deferens and retractor are otherwise the same as in A.
panthera.

The retractor muscle of the penis, in all species examined,
is a branch from the right ocular band.

The subgenus Leptocala (vol. xvii, p. 72) is unknown ana-
tomically.

METACHATINA (vol. xvi, p. 307). Anatomy unknown.

COCHLITOMA (vol. xvii, p. 76). The type species, C. zebra
has been dissected by Semper. There are two separated cer-
vical lobes on the left margin of the mantle. Kidney band-
shaped. Grenitalia as in Achatina, the vas deferens penetrat-
ing a sheath, the spermatheca being short-stalked. It is vivip-
arous. In the uterus were found about 60 undeveloped eggs
with calcareous shells, the smallest 3 mm., the largest 6 mm.
long; then 25 embryos, which had freed themselves of the
egg shell (pi. 64, fig. 67) . On the foot they had a large podo-
cyst, in the younger ones enveloping the shell like a mantle.

Jaw of C. zebra with a few broad welts, separated by very
wide furrows, even-edged. That of A. granulata is described
by Semper as coarsely ribbed. Teeth as in typical Achatina,
in C. zebra 126 to 130 in a transverse row. In A. granulata
there are 116 to 128 teeth.

In C. granulata, examined by Semper, the kidney was
found to be double the length of the pericardium, band-
iShaped. The penis is of normal Achatina structure, its re-
tractor muscle a branch of the right ocular band.

In C. crawfordi (Morel.), which I have dissected (pi. 64,
figs. 69, 70, 71), the penis is a large, thin- walled sack with
terminal retractor (fig. 71). The vas deferens enters at its
lower third and continues upward inside as a fleshy pilaster

XIV ANATOMY OF ACHATINID^E.

(fig. 70). The whole penis is enveloped in a thin sheath.
The vas deferens is free from the vagina. The duct of the
spermatheca is rather long. The penis retractor is short, and
attached distally to the diaphragm near its right border.

The kidney is of the usual oblong shape, more than double
the length of the pericardium.

The jaw is irregularly and very strongly striated vertically.
The radula has 54,1,54 teeth in the widest part (p. ix, fig. 3).
Middle tooth subobsolete, without cusp, and with ill-defined
basal-plate. Inner pair of laterals with boss-like entocones,
which however have not well developed cutting points. The
ectocones are well developed on all of the teeth, and even on
the marginals the rnesocone is simple, not emarginate as in
Achatina.

This species differs notably from other species of Achatina
and Cochlitoma by the insertion of its penis retractor muscle
on the diaphragm.

ARCHACHATINA (this vol., p. 104). A. marginata has been
dissected by Semper, who reports a single long cervical lobe
on the left side of mantle. The flattening of the tail above
has dentate borders. Genitalia as in granulata. Jaw with
very numerous narrow riblets, not denticulating the cutting
edge. Teeth 90 to 92 in a transverse row. Mesocone of the
central fully half as long as the basal plate, even-edged and
acute; first 5 laterals unicuspid; on the 6th a minute ecto-
cone appears, increasing to the 14th, and then diminishing,
together with the mesocone, which becomes blunter and wider.
A. d 'Ailly has figured the teeth of A. marginata, showing at
least 12 unicuspid laterals (p. ix, fig. 1).

The anatomy of A. bicarinata has been figured by Deshayes
in Ferussac's Histoire. I reproduce a portion of his figure,
pi. 63, fig. 29. The very large penis is partially enveloped
by a sheath, which is penetrated by the vas deferens as usual.
The distal insertion of the retractor is unknown. The duct
of the spermatheca is long. The uterus contains three very
large eggs. The well-developed cusp of the middle teeth and
the unicuspid inner laterals are features unlike Achatina.

COLUMNA (this vol., p. 120). Soft anatomy unknown.

ANATOMY OF ACHATINID^E. XV

CALLISTOPLEPA (this vol., p. 125), has 'been examined by
Adolf d'Ailly, who unfortunately did not dissect it further
than to work out the dentition. The animal externally is
streaked and maculate with black or brown. Foot long,
slowly tapering towards the tail, with a triangular shell-
flattening above, bounded by serrate ridges. The raclula has
unicuspid central and lateral teeth, the centrals about as wide
as the adjacent laterals. The marginal teeth acquire a small
ectocone, and the large cusp (mesocone -f- entocone) becomes
bifid (p. ix, fig. 2, C. barrianum. The teeth of C. shuttle-
worthi are similar). The anatomy is otherwise unknown.
This genus differs from all other Achatinince by the wide
middle teeth of the radula.

Key to genera of Achatinince.

I. Embryonic whorls except the first sculptured, forming a
large, semiglobose protoconch.

a. Embryonic whorls densely striated spirally; lip of
the rather rudely sculptured shell expanded or re-
flexed. Pseudachatina, vol. xvi, p. 205.
aa. Embryonic whorls granose-decussate except the
smoothish first one.

b. Protoconch bulbous or hemispherical; shell
ovate; viviparous South African forms.

c. Columella abruptly truncate, Achatinoid.

Cochlitoma, p. 76.
cc. Columella not truncate, blackish.

Metachatina, vol. xvi, p. 307.

bb. Protoconch very large; shell ovate, of only 5-7
whorls; columella Achatinoid. West Africa.

Archachatina, p. 104.

bbb. Shell cylindric or pillar-shaped, with Achati-
noid coloration and columella.

Columna, p. 120.

II. Embryonic whorls smoothish, without spiral sculpture or
granulation.

a. Peristome well expanded or reflexed.

Atopocochlis, xvi, p. 218.

XVI ANATOMY OP ACHATINID^E.

aa. Peristome simple.

b. Columella slightly truncated or obsoletely so;
apex rather nipple-like; shape long-ovate. W.
Africa.

c. Axis imperforate.

Pseudotrochus, xvi, p. 219.
cc. Axis rimate or perforate.

Perideriopsis, xvi, p. 241.

&&. Columella not in the least truncated, continu-
ous below.

c. Oblong, with long spire, unicolored or with
Achatinoid striping.

Limicolaria, xvi, p. 247.

cc. Ovate, with moderate or short spire;

streaked, but without oblique or zigzag

stripes. Burtoa, xvi, p. 298.

&&&. Columella abruptly truncated at the base; shell

ovate or rarely oblong; apex of the trochoidal

type.

c. Shell varying from moderately strong to
very solid; middle tooth of the radula
narrow. Achatina, p. 1.

cc. Shell very thin, very closely and deeply
striate, elaborately zigzag-striped; middle
tooth of radula wide.

Callistoplepa, p. 125.

Subfamily STENOGYRIN^.

With the exception of Rumina decollata, little is known of
the soft anatomy of African members of this series of genera.
Ceras, Trichodina (Petriola) and Clavator are wholly un-
known anatomically. Of the other genera the jaw and radula
are more or less known. The jaw is much alike in all, and is
of the ordinary Achatinoid type. The radulae of all the
genera have the narrow central teeth of the Achatinidae, its
cusp simple or with minute side-points. In the laterals there
is more diversity:

ANATOMY OF ACHATINID^.

XV11

(1) Lateral teeth bicuspid, without an entocone: genera
Pseudoglessula, Chilonopsis, Riebeckia. The last has a tri-
cuspid central, the other two have it unicuspid.

(2) Lateral teeth tri cuspid; genera Homorus, Bocageia,
Rum-ina. All have side cusps on the centrals.

All known details of the soft anatomy of these genera may
be found in the text, under the several generic heads.

The apex of the shell is usually globose (figs. 1-5), as
Homorus, Rumina, etc., in the Old World, and Stenogyra in
America; but in some forms it is conic or trochoidal (figs. 7,
8) , as in the African Bocageia and the South American Neo-
beliscus.

I

Figs. 1, 2, Homorus cyanostoma. 3, 4, H. pattalns. 5, H. opeaa.

6, Pseudoglessula prestoni. 7, Boeageia (Petriola) clavus.

8, B. (P.) aratispira. 9, Pseudoglessula prestoni.

Key to genera of Stenogyrince contained in Vol. XVII.

a. Apex of the trochoidal or conic type (figs. 7, 8).

Columella not truncate in fully adult shells, truncate
in the young. Genus BOCAGEIA, p. 216.

Columella conspicuously truncate (figs. 7, 8).

Petriola, p. 216.

XV111 ANATOMY OF ACHATINID./E.

aa. Apex of the globose type (figs, 1-5).

b. Columella conspicuously and abruptly truncated be-
low, Achatinoid; shell imperf orate.

c. Apex involute at tip ; whorls flattened, numer-
ous (12), the last whorl acutely carinated.

Genus CERAS, p. 155.

cc. Apex rounded ; shell slender, the post-embryonic
whorls smoothish (figs. 1-5).

Genus HOMORUS, p. 130.

ccc. Apex rounded, vertically ribbed or reticulate;
post-embryonic whorls rib-striate, the base
smoother; shell ovate-pyramidal or turrited
(figs. 6, 9). Genus PSEUDOGLESSULA, p. 156.
6&. Columella obliquely truncated at base; spire entire.
c. Turrite, composed of 10-15 compactly-coiled
whorls, pale, not variegated, vertically striate
and rarely hirsute ; lip simple ; columella trun-
cate or continuous. Sokotra.

Genus RIEBECKIA, p. 204.

cc. Ovate or oblong, composed of 6y 2 to 9 whorls,
smooth or roughly sculptured, variegated ; lip
simple or thickened; columella obliquely trun-
cate at the base. St. Helena.

Genus CHILONOPSIS, p. 171.
. Columella continuous below with the basal lip.

c. Adult shell cylindric, truncated by the loss of
the early whorls, 4 to 7 whorls remaining.

Genus RUMINA, p. 211.

cc. Adult shell entire ; rimate or imperforate ; large
(50-150 mm. long), with 7 to 10 whorls, oblong
or turrited, smoothish, covered with a yellow,
brown-streaked cuticle. Madagascar.

Genus CLAVATOR, p. 192.

ccc. Shell entire, turrited, of 10-15 compactly-coiled
whorls ; pale and smoothish, not variegated ; lip
simple; columella truncated or continuous.
Socotra. Genus RIEBECKIA, p. 204.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Genus ACHATINA Lamarck, 1799.

Achatina LAM., Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification dea
Coquilles, in Mernoires de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle
de Paris, an VII (1799), p. 75 (type and sole species Bulla
achatina L.) ; Syst. An. s. Vert., p. 90, same type.

Ampulla BOLTEN (in part), Mus. Boltenianum, edit. I, p.
110 (1792); edit. II, p. 78 (1819).

Chersina [HUMPHREY], in part, Museum Calonnianum, p.
62 (1797) . Contains Bulla virginea L. and Bulla achatina L.

Achatium LINK (in part), Beschreib. Rostock Sammlung,
p. 137 (May 17, 1807).

Achatinus MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 418-420.

Cochlitoma FER. (in part), Tableau Systematique, p. 48.

Archachatina ALBERS (in part), Die Hel., 1850, p. 189.

Oncaea GISTEL, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller drei
Reiche, 1850, p. 550 (substitute for Achatina).

Parachatina BOURGUIGNAT, Moll, de 1'Afr. Equat, p. 73,
1889. Serpaa BGT., t. c., pp. 74, 85. Pintoa BGT., t. c.,
p. 80.

Urceus Klein, JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix,
1884, p. 171 = Achatina Lam.

Shell ovate or oblong with conic spire and small apex,
two or three earliest whorls smooth, forming a trochiforra
nucleus, obtuse at the apex. Aperture ovate, the outer lip
unexpanded; columella concave or straight, truncate a9
though cut off below.

Soft anatomy (see Introduction to this volume). Repro-
duction oviparous, the eggs small, oval and pale yellow,
numerous.

(1)

2 ACHATINA.

Type, Achatina achatina (L.).

Distribution : Tropical Africa. Achatina extends north-
ward to about 7 above the equator in East Africa (Galla-
land), and a degree or two higher in the west (Sierra Leone).
Southward, the genus is roughly limited by the Tropic of
Capricorn, but in the east a few species descend to the lati-
tude of Delagoa Bay, or about 25 S. Lat. South of the
Tropic, most Achatinoid species now known belong to the
genera Cochlitoma and Metachatina.

The EGGS of A. panthera are small and numerous. One
individual deposited its eggs while in my possession. I
counted 196. They were oval, yellow, with a thin calcar-
eous shell; length 6 mm. (Gibbons, J. of Conch., ii, 143).
In A. fidminatrix von Martens found dull pale-yellow eggs
measuring 6x5 mm. The size of the egg-capsule seems to
vary much less than that of the adult, judging from the
data at hand, the length of the egg being from a tenth to
a thirtieth that of the adult shell.

The EPIPHBAGM of Achatina (pi. 42, fig. 8, A. panthera
mossambica, after Brancsik) has been described and figured
by Crosse (1881, A. panthera, Nossi-Be), Brancsik (1893,
A. mossambica) and Smith (1899, A. immaculata) . It is
pure white and porcellanous, lusterless out-side, but within
covered with a glossy film which has a pearly luster. In
the narrow upper portion there is a slit outside and a raised
ridge within, which "looks exactly as if a knife had been
thrust through from the outside so as to force the substance
out into a ridge," which may be either slightly slit along
the summit, or imperforate. It is about as thick as the
epiphragm of Helix pomatia, and is notched below to fit the
contour of the aperture. (See Crosse, J. de C., 1881, p. 197,
pi. 8, f. 2; Brancsik, Jahrcsh. Trenc. Corn., 1893, pi. 10, f.
2; Smith, P. Mai. Soc., iii, 309).

Achatina is a less evolved group than Burtoa, Metachatina,
Cochlitoma, Archachatina, or Pseudachatina. The first two
have been further modified in the structure of the columella,
while the last four have attained a higher type of repro-
duction and have made more progress in sculpture-evolution,

ACHATINA.

shown by the advance of adult sculpture upon the nepionic
whorls.

PARASITES: Professor 0. F. Cook has described a wingless
fly, Wandolleckia achatina', which he found running about
on Achatina variegata in the deep forests of Liberia (Science,
N. S., vi, 1897, p. 886). Stuhlmann has observed green
mites, upon several East African species, but they have not
been studied.

The species of Acliatina "appear to grade one into the
other, and the more examples we have, the greater the
trouble becomes. The genus is spread over the greater part
of Central and West Africa, as far north as Senegambia, and
each district seems to produce its special race, a modification
of some neighboring form, so that the separation of species
becomes more and more difficult through the discovery of
intermediate links from every fresh locality" (E. A. Smith,
P. Z. S., 1899, p. 579).

Nomenclature.

Of the names proposed to include species of this genus,
Ampulla of Bolten has precedence, or would have if that
catalogue were an acceptable source of nomenclature. It
contained A. achatina Gin., Conch. Cab., ix, pi. 118, f. 1012-
13; A. purpura Bolt., op. tit., f. 1017-18; A. kambeul Bolt.,
op. cit., f. 1024-25; A. zebra Bolt,, C. Cab, f. 1014; A.
priamus Bolt. = Halia, and several synonymous names.
Lamarck's elimination of the Achatinas from this group ren-
ders further consideration of it unnecessary in this connec-
tion. In my opinion, neither the Museum Boltenianum nor
the Museum Calonnianum are to be regarded as scientific
literature, any more than dealer's catalogues at the present
day. The two works mentioned stand or fall together; both
are very rare, the Museum Boltenianum being apparently
the scarcer of the two.

Achatium of Link was proposed in an excessively rare
work, of which almost the whole edition is known to have
been destroyed by fire. Up to this time the single species
Bulla achatina L. had been referred to Achatina Lam. Now

4 ACHATINA.

Link explicitly places Achatina Lam. in the synonymy of his
group, and the first species of his list is A. achatina; there
seems, therefore, to be no escape from the conclusion that
Achatium is an absolute synonym of Achatina. The follow-
ing species are included:

A. elegans Link (= A. achatina L., young) .

A. zebra Link (=A. zebra Brug.).

A. virginicum Link (Liguus virgineus L.).

A. fasciatum Link (=Liguus fasciatus L.).

A. perversum Link (== Amphidromus perversus L.).

The generic name Achatinus first occurs on p. 418 of
Montfort's work, under a figure evidently drawn from A.
panthera. On the next page the type is stated to be A.
zebra; and on p. 420 Montfort writes: "C'est a de Lamarck
que Ton doit 1'etablissement du genre agathine." Since
Achatinus has page-priority for A. panthera, and is ad-
mitted to be identical with Lamarck's genus, I consider it
a synonym, and not available for the South African group
herein eliminated from Achatina. Pfeiffer has considered
Achatinus to pertain to the typical section of Achatina.

Cochlitoma Ferussac comprised species of Atopocochlis,
Perideris, Corona, Liguus, and Achatince of the A. achatina,
zebra and bicarinata groups. No type for Cochlitoma has
been selected, so far as I can learn. It has been considered
a synonym of Achatina by all recent authors. After the
elimination of species belonging to the genera mentioned
above, there remains one which I propose to select as type
of Cochlitoma.

Oncaea of Gistel was proposed as a substitute for the
name Achatina, with the remark, "Der Farbenajne Acliatina
musste geandert werden." It becomes, therefore, an abso-
lute synonym of Achatina. Oncaea contained the following
species: 0. perdix, 0. purpurea, O. virginea [Liguus],
0. crenata, 0. marginata, 0. pallida [=Cochlicopaf]. Of
these, 0. crenata and marginata are new species, not iden-
tifiable from the descriptions.

Archachatina Albers was proposed for the typical group
of Achatina, with a list of species comprising forms of the

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. D

A. achatina, A. purpurea and A. zebra groups. I propose
to restrict the name to species of the bicarinata type, that
being the first species of Albers' list.

Bourguignat, in 1889, made an ineffective attempt to dis-
member Achatina. He defined the following groups:

1. Tripachatina for A. vignoniana Morel. This group is
a synonym or section of Limicolaria. See vol. xvi, p. 254,
no. 10.

2. Parachatina for A. thomsoni Sm., dohrniana Pfr. and
welwitschi Morel., species characterized by the want of colu-
mellar truncation, which is replaced by a tuberculiform
eminence. These species belong, by their apical characters,
to Achatina s. sir. The columellar structure varies widely
and is of only minor systematic value. In many species of
diverse groups of Achatina the amount of columellar trun-
cation is reduced by the tapering of the lower end of the
columella. A similar process has resulted in f.he condition
reached by Burtoa.

3. Serpcca for small globose species with the shell thin
and transparent. A. hortensicr Mor., dammarcnsis Pfr.,
Jcnori Jonas, varicosa Pfr. (the young only), obesa Pfr.,
pintoi Bgt. This list includes species of several of the most
diverse groups of Achatina.

4. Achatina including all the other large species of West,
South and East Africa. A heterogeneous group.

4rt. Pintoa for slender, elongate species, such as A. pftif-
feri Dkr.

WEST AFRICAN SPECIES.

The West African Achatinai are usually more richly col-
ored than the East African, and they are more diversified
in form, size and coloration. No species are yet known to be
common to the West and the Lake region or east coast.

LITERATURE OF WEST AFRICAN SPECIES. The larger Acha-
tinse of the coastal region from Sierra Leone to Gabun were
among the first known, and were figured and described in
the works of Seba, Linnseus, Chemnitz, and other early
authors. Many of them are beautifully illustrated in Reeve's
Conchologia Iconica, and have been well described by Pfeiffer

O ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

in the Monographia Heliceorum. Adolf d'Ailly, in his Con-
tributions a la connaissance des Mollusques terrestres et d'eau
douce de Kameroun, in Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-
Akad. Handlingar, xxii, Afd. iv, no. 2 (1896), has treated
the Achatinidcu occurring in Kamerun with the ability of a
master. Further southward, our knowledge of the species
of the Portuguese territory, Angola, etc., is very largely due
to the work of Arthur Morelet, in the Voyage du Dr. Fried-
erich Welwitsch dajis les Royauines d 'Angola et de Ben-
guella, Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles (1868). The
species of the vast Congo basin are still known by only a
few descriptions by Dupuis and Putzeys in the publications
of the Royal Malacological Society of Belgium.

Key to West African Acliatincc.

I. Shell small (alt. less than 50 mm.), thin, ovate, the
diam. more than half the length. Whorls 6 to 6 1 /2-
a. Greenish-buff or greenish-brown with dark streaks;
spire short.

&. 45x24, apert. 26 mm.; Damaralaud.

dammar ensis, no. 17.

bb. 32 x 19 mm. ; Angola. liortensicc, no. 18.

aa. Pale fulvous with zebra stripes, whorls 6, 18 x
12 mm. mollicella, no. 27.

aaa. Broad chestnut stripes confluent at base, broken
or reduced on the spire; suture with brown mar-
gin; 33x17 mm. sylvatica, no. 26.
II. Shell rather small, length 35 to 65 mm., narrow, the
diam. of shell and length of aperture much less than
half the length of the shell ; usually streaked or striped ;
whorls 7V, to 9. Species no. 21 to 25.
ITT. Shell ovate or oblong, the diam. half the length or a
little less; shell of moderate or large size.

a. Shell granulate or spirally striate throughout;
spire long; aperture and colurnella pale.

b. Thick; finely plicafiilate and densely gran-
ulate throughout; 108-140x49-67, apert. 57-
75 mm. balteata, no. 29.

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 7

bb. Rather solid or thin, wrinkled and very
densely and finely striate spirally ; green or
brown, with or without broad, indistinctly
denned streaks; 110-130 mm. long.

rugosa, no. 28.

bbb. Thin; evenly granulate throughout; fulvous
with wide obscure streaks ; 128 x 56, apert.
72 mm. iostoma, no. 30.

bbbb. Rather solid, finely granulose-striate ; olive-
yellow, bedaubed with reddish-chestnut
blotches ; 75 x 29, apert. 35 mm.

allisa, no. 32.

aa. Shell smooth or nearly so below the middle of the
last whorl.

b. Shell whitish under a yellow cuticle, with
bent or zigzag names or stripes, rarely plain,
c. Columella and parietal wall rose-red.

d. Very large, 170 x 95 mm., with zig-
zag flames. achatina, no. 1.
dd. Plain olive-yellow ; 96-120 mm.

monochromatica, no. la.

ddd. With indistinct fulvous streaks or

nearly plain; 95 x 53 mm. or

smaller. oblitterata, no. 5.

cc. Columella and parietal wall white or

bluish.

d. With bold, broad, black-brown zig-
zag stripes.

e. 148 x 65, apert. 69 mm.

buckneri, no. 2.
ee. 93 x 50, apert, 47 mm.

wcynsii. no. 3.
eee. Length 80, apert. 38 mm.

tincta, no. 4.

dd. Shell rather thin, with numerous
rather narrow stripes.

e. Fulvous, with close, narrow-
waved stripes ; 87 x 28 mm.

perfecta, no. 8.

8 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

le. Irregular streaks and flames
of buff, chestnut and fulvous;
obsoletely granulose at su-
tures, 78 x 38, apert. 42 mm.
inaqualis, no. 31.
2e. Corneous-buff, with rather
wide stripes, 68 x 39 mm.
Ovampoland.

schinziana, no. 9.
3e. Pale straw with longit. zebra
stripes; 63 x 31 mm. Old
Calabar. studleyi, no. 6.

4e. Brownish-white, lightning-
striped with red-brown; 58 x
28, apert. 30 mm. Benguela.
semisculpta, no. 7.

bb. Shell white under a thin yellow cuticle, not
noticeably darker basally; spire long; last
whorl smooth except near suture ; apert. hardly
half the length; columella sinuous, narrowly
truncate ; 70 x 34, apert. 34.5 mm.

occidentalis, no. 19.

bbb. Shell brown or blackish-brown, often darker
basally, usually with some darker longitudinal
streaks but not zigzag striped.

c. Solid and heavy, very dark, columella
narrowly truncate, tapering 100-125 mm.
long.

ilohntiiiitn, no. 12; bandeirana, no. 13.

2c. Thick, ponderous, flattened at sutures,

livid-whitish under a thin, tawny cuticle,

142 x 65 mm. in<ni(tarin, no. 14.

3c. Moderately solid, rufous-brown with

darker streaks.

(I. 126x61 mm. welwitschi, no. 11.
<1<1. (\'-\ x '.\'.\ mm. paivana, no. 10.

it. Shell thin, colored like the last.

(/. 74 x 40 mm. bayaona, no. 15.

eld. 67 x :>1 mm. tavaresiana, no. 16.

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 9

1. A. ACHATINA Linne. PL 31, fig. 1.

Shell very large, acutely ovate, rather thin, yellow varie-
gated with red-brown longitudinal streaks often zigzag in
places, the upper whorls roseate or whitish. Sculpture of
fine, irregular foldlets along growth-lines, cut into long
granules by decussating spirals; this sculpture is stronger
and hoarser below the suture, and becomes subobsolete below
the periphery. The spire is straightly conic, whorls about
8i/>, slightly convex, the last wkorl inflated. Aperture large,
bluish-white within. Columella concave, narrow, and with
the entire parietal wall of a deep rose color". Outer lip thin
and acute. Length 170, diam. 95, length of aperture 96 mm.

West Africa: Freetown, Sierra Leone (U. S. exped.).
Liberia, not rare, the largest 200 mm. long (Dohrn). Akkra,
on the Gold Coast (Buchholz).

Bulla achatina L., Syst, Nat. (10), p. 728; (12), p. 1186.
Cf. Hanley, Ipsa L. Conch., p. 210. GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13),
p. 3431. DILLWYN, Descr. Cat, i, p. 494. Buccinum acha-
tiniim MULLER, Hist. Verm., ii, p. 140. Bulimus achatinus
BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 358. Helix achatina FER., Hist.,
pi. 131, f. 1-3; 131 A, f. 1-3; 131 B. Achatina variegata
LAMARCK, Syst. An. s. Vert, p. 91 (1801). ROISSY, in Buf-
fon, Hist. Nat. gen. et partic. des Mollusques, v, p. 354
(1805). REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 1, f. 3, pi. 5, f. 36.-
DESII. in Fer. Hist., p. 155. PPR., Monogr., ii, p. 249-. iii,
482; iv, 600; vi, 211; Conchyl. Cab., p. 290. PHIIJPPI,
Abbild., iii, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 4 (young shell) .STEARNS, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 327, no. 47. DOHRN, Jahrb.
d. D. Malak. Ges., v, 1878, p. 155. VON MART., Monatsber.
K. P. Akad. Wissensch., 1876, p. 257. Achatina perdix LAM.,
An. s. Vert,, vi, p. 127 (1819) . Achatina zebra BLAINV.,
Malacology, p. 456, pi. 40, f. 1. Achatium elegant LINK,
Beschreib. Rostock Samml., p. 137 (1807), based upon
Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ix, pi. 118, f. 1012. 1013. Ampulla
achatina, bomlarda.. flammea and lactn BOI.TEN, Mus. Bol-
tenianum, p. 110. Chersina tigrina afr!<;n><i HTMPHREY,
Mus. Calonniauum, p. 63.

The largest species and type of the genus Achatina. The

10 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

narrow columella and smallness of the notch at its base are
prominent features. The acutely conic spire, small apex
and thin lip distinguish A. achatina from marginata. The
young shells are often more boldly marked than the adults,
on a lighter yellow ground.

The egg 25 x 17 mm. attributed to this species by von
Martens (Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde, 1891, p.
33) must belong to the large form of A. marginata. A large
egg-capsule is always associated with a dome-like summit in
the shell, which A. achatina does not have. Its egg will be
found to be comparatively small, probably less than half the
dimensions given above.

Mr. Ancey states that "several forms have been cou-
founded under this name (variegata) , which are worthy of
distinction; one of them, from Assinie, always smaller in
size, has been named by me A. chaperi'' (Bull. Soc. Malac.
de France, v, 1888, p. 70, footnote 4). I have been unable
to find any further description of this form.

la. Var. MONOCHROMATICA, n. v. PI. 32, fig. 3.

Shell somewhat smaller, white under the smooth and glossy
olive-yellow cuticle, which is uniform except for some faintly
darker streaks marking growth-stages, and a faint peripheral
belt, Suture distinctly margined. Aperture smaller than
in achatina, colored the same. Length 120, diam. 65, aper-
ture 66 mm.

West Africa: Angola. (A. N. S. coll.).

.1. varicyota Roissy. RVE., C. Icon., v, pi. 5. f. 3r. DKSII.,
in Fer., Hist., pi. 124, f. 3, 4.

!t. is usually smaller than the type, Reeve's figure measur-
about 90 mm. long. This shell meets the requirements
<>! 'iruguiere's Bulimus fidvns better than the East African
forms which authors have associated with that name.

2. A. BUCHNKIM Marions. PI. 6, fig. 11. 12.

shell subturriie oblong, obsoletely decussate; bnfT, painted
\vi:i: rather wide black-brown streaks, generally lightning-
g and narrow above. Whorls 7, nearly flat, the suture

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 11

crenulate. Aperture about equal to half the length of the
shell, the columellar margin a little arcuate, bluish-white.
Length 148, diam. 65, aperture 69x35 mm. (Mts.).

On the river Kuilu, an affluent of the Kassai, in the An-
gola hinterland, about 22 e. Ion.

A. buchneri v. MARTENS, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges., 1882, p.
245; -Conch. Mittheil., i, p. 138, pi. 26.

Distinguished from A. achatina, which it resembles in
color and marking, by the want of red on the columellar
margin, the more lengthened contour, slighter convexity of
the whorls and smaller mouth. The suture is not accom-
panied by an impressed line. A. indotata Rve. has a broader,
blunter apex, thinner shell, more convex whorls, the upper
ones more strongly granulate, and the columella is more
strongly curved. Description and figure from v. Martens.

3. A. WEYNSI Dautzenberg. PI. 17, fig. 17.

Shell rather solid, elongate, ovoid. Whorls 8, the first
li/2 subplanate, the following convex, separated by a more
or less distinctly marginate suture ; the last whorl more than
two-thirds the total length. The surface is shining and ap-
pears smooth at first sight, but under a lens the early whorls
are seen to be finely punctate, and the following ones very
delicately shagreened. There are also, moreover, distinct de-
scending lines on the upper part of the last whorl and over
the whole of the preceding whorls. Aperture nearly half
the length of the shell, the lip acute and simple. Columella
nearly straight, a little twisted, obliquely truncate at the
base, the margins joined by a thin callous. Color white,
with very wide, zigzag, blackish-brown flammules, which
ordinarily tend to predominate, so that the last whorl some-
times seems to be black with some white lightning-stripes;
but they are always narrower below the suture, leaving a
lighter zone along the upper part of the whorls. The cuticle
is golden-yellow. The summit is purple-rose or deep violet,
nearly black. Columella and interior of the aperture cov-
ered with a bluish enamel, showing the flames by transpar-
ence. Length 93, diam. 50. aperture 47x30 mm. (Dautz.).

12 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

Congo Free State: Upper Congo (Capt. Weyns, in Mus.
1'Etat Independant).

Achatina weynsi DAUTZ., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg.,
xxxiv, Seance du 2 Dec., 1899, p. 27 (1900).

Remarkable for its beautiful coloration. It differs from
A. kraussi by the less high last whorl, shorter, more perpen-
dicular and less arcuate columella, non-crenulate suture, or
with the crenulation extremely weak, and by the distinct and
more angular flames. It is smaller than A. tincta, more oval,
less turrited, the columella especially narrower, and the sur-
face finely shagreened, while that of A. tincta is entirely
smooth. A. buchneri Mart, also has some resemblance to
A. wcynsi, but its spire is larger, more conic, and the sur-
face is wholly covered with fine, regular granulation, while
A. weynsi is irregularly shagreened and more glossy. The
coloration is also quite diverse. (Dautz.) .

4. A. TINCTA Reeve. PI. 18, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather thin ; whitish, vividly colored
with large longitudinal spots, covered with a yellowish
cuticle. Spire a little elevated, the apex obtuse, roseate.
Aperture oblong, white. Length 3.3, diam. 1.5 inch. Mus.
Cuming, Stainforth. The Achatina tincta has a white shell
covered with a yellowish epidermis, and it is singularly
stained in a longitudinal direction with a deep morone
[maroon] color. The stains take the form of bands in some
places, but exhibit no degree of regularity (Reeve).

West Africa: Angola (Fr. Rois Batalha). Leopoldville
Congo, numerous in clearings (E. Dupont).

Achatina Inn-la RVF... P. Z. S., 1842, p. 55; Conch. Syst.,
ii. pi. 17!>, I'. IS; Conch. Icon., v, pi. 11, f. 29. PFR., Monogr.,
li. p. >2*2- iii, 488; iv, 603; vi, 217; Malak. Bl., xvi, 1869,
p. 253, pi. 1, f. 1-4. DAUTZENBERG, Hull. Acad. Roy. Sci.
Belg. (3 ser.), xx, p. 567 (1891). A nnmritwna POT. ET
MICH., Calerie des Moll, du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 129, pi. 11,
f. 11, 12 (exclusive of references and locality).

Pfeiffer gives the following diagnosis of the type speci-
men, the figure of which is copied on pi. 17, fig. 23: Shell

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 13

oblong-ovate, rather thin, smooth, white, streaked and light-
ning-striped with broad rufous spots, covered with a tawny
cuticle. Spire oblong-conic, the apex obtuse, blushing.
Whorls 7i/>, a little convex, the upper obsoletely granulate,
last about four-ninths the length. Columella somewhat
twisted, obliquely truncate. Aperture oval, milk-white in-
side ^peristome simple. Length 80, diam. 35, aperture 38 x
21 mm.

The specimen in Brit. Mus., subsequently figured by
Reeve, is larger, 116 x 50 mm., apert. 53 mm. (pi. 17, fig. 22).

The locality was unknown to Reeve, but Pfeiffer, in 1869,
received a series from Angola, showing great variation in
coloration, size and the subsutural margination. The most
constant characters of the series are the long spire, always
longer than the aperture, and the complete smoothness of
the shell, which barely shows traces of a fine granulation
on the upper whorls under a strong lens, while the last whorl
can hardly be said to be "obsoletely substriate." Besides
the typical form with black-brown flames and bluish colu-
mella, there is a form with pale-colored flames, or almost
uniform brown-yellow, the columella and parietal callous
beautiful rose-red. Shell thicker and heavier throughout.
This form Pfeiffer considered to belong to A. tincta as a
variety; but it has been separated by Dautzenberg under
the name A. oblitterata.

5. A. OBLITTERATA Dautzenberg. PI. 18, fig. 20; pi. 19, figs.

24, 25.

Shell imperf orate, ovate-oblong, glossy, rather solid, the
spire conoid, turrite, apex a little obtuse. Whorls 8, quite
convex, rather regularly obliquely plicate with growth-striae,
the suture obsoletely marginate with an impressed line. Last
whorl a little shorter than the spire. Aperture ovate, the
margins joined by an adnate callous. Columella nearly
straight, twisted, narrowly truncate, the lip simple. Color
whitish, indistinctly flamed with fulvous streaks, under a
buff cuticle. Aperture bluish-white within the throat, the
columella and parietal callous vivid rose. Length 95, diam.
53, aperture 45x30 mm. (Dautz.).

14 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

West Africa: Leopoldville, in clearings in the forest (E.
Dupout) .

Achafina oblittcrata DAUTZ., Bulletins de 1 'Academic Roy-
ale des Sciences, des lettres et des Beaux-arts de Belgique
(3), xx, no. 12, p. 567, pi. 1, f. 1 (1891). .4. tincta var.,
PFR., Malak. BL, xvi, 1869, p. 256, pi. 2, f. 1-4.

This shell belongs to the same group as A. tincta Reeve,
and is very closely related to that. The sculpture is the
same; the shape is a little more swollen, less slender; but the
chief difference is in the coloration. In A. oblitterata the
longitudinal flammules are inconspicuous or disappear at the
periphery of the last whorl, while in A. tincta, on the con-
trary, these flammules are very dark colored, almost black,
and increase in intensity towards the base. Moreover, in
A. oblitterata the columella and callous are of a bright rose
color, while these parts are milky or bluish-white in A. tincta.

Pfeiffer received this form with A. tincta and figured
specimens in 1869. He notes that it is a thicker shell than
A. tincta, and varies from indistinctly flammulate to almost
uniform brownish-yellow (pi. 19, figs. 24, 25).

6. A. STUDLEYI Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 40, fig. 4.

Shell ovate, rather tumid, a little attenuate towards the
apex, thin. AAHiorls 8, the apical unicolored, simple, the rest
rather swollen, the upper whorls and upper half of the
lowest being minutely granular, these granules being very
small and regular; below the middle the last whorl is smooth
and beautifully suffused with bright chestnut-brown; the
ground-color of all the whorls is pale straw, but they are
ornamented with longitudinal, dark brown, zebra-like mark-
ings. The aperture is oblong, within bhiish, outer lip thin.
Length 63, diam. 31 mm. (M. & P.).

West Africa: Old Calabar (T. Studley).

Achatina studlcyi M. P., Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii,
p. 291, fig. in text (November, 1897).

"This is a most distinct and beautiful species, though in
many ways similar to the Natalese A. scmigranosa and A.
granulata Pfr. Mr. Layard says it is common in the dis-

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 15

trict whence it came, since it is sold in the markets and
largely eaten by the natives."

This form seems to be very similar to A. schinziana Mouss.,
but the figure differs in showing a longer aperture and wider
columella.

7. A. SEMISCULPTA Pfeiffer. PL 10, figs. 27, 28, 29.

Shell ovate-elongate, thin, longitudinally regularly striate.
Brownish-white, painted with lightning-like reddish streaks.
Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse, regularly granulose with
close concentric lines. Whorls 7%, a little convex, the last
about equal to the spire, decussate by distant impressed lines
as far as the periphery. Columella nearly straight, abruptly
truncate. Aperture oval-acute ; peristome simple, unex-
panded.

Length 58, diam. 28, aperture 30x16 mm. (Pfr.).

Length 55, diam. 23 mm. (Pfr., type).

West Africa: Loanda (Cuming coll.) ; Benguela (Dr.
Tarns) ; sandy thickets of the district of Mossamedes, near
Girdul, Benguela (Dr. Welwitsch).

A. semisculpta PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 74
(Oct., 1845) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 331, pi. 28, f. 2, 3, and var.,
pi. 44, f. 6; Monogr., ii, p. 255; iii, 487; iv, 603; vi, 216.-
DKR., Zeitsch. f. Mai., Nov., 1845, p. 163 ; Index Moll. Guin.
Inf., p. 7, pi. 1, f. 41, 42. REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 11,
f. 37. MORELET, Voy. Welwitsch, p. 70.

This species, like A. pfeifferi, belongs to the sandy shore
zone. It was described from Cuming 's collection, and Reeve
remarks that all of Mr. Cuming 's examples "are distin-
guished by the same broken, interrupted style of painting."
Fig. 29 is one of these specimens, after Reeve.

Pfeiffer describes a variety as larger, white, longitudinally
streaked with fulvous; length 75, diam. 34 mm., from the
Cuming coll.

8. A. PERFECTA Morelet. PI. 4, fig. 26.

Shell ovate-elongate, thin, translucent, beautifully gran-
ulate, the granulation evanescent below the periphery, glossy
fulvous, longitudinally painted with reddish sinuous and

Hi ACIIATINA, WEST AFRICA.

waved streaks. Spire long-conic, the suture impressed.
Whorls 8, convex, the last a little shorter than the spire.
Columella nearly straight, truncate, pale, suffused with violet
above. Aperture oblong, semioval, opalescent within, the
bauds showing through. Peristome unexpanded, thin, brown-
edged. Length 87, diam. 28 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: district of Pun go- An don go ; also at Sange,
on the rocky hills along the Cuango, Angola (Welwitsch).

A. perfecta MOREL., Voy. Welwitsch, p. 70, pi. 4, f. '2
(1867). PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 276.

Remarkable for its coloration.

9. A. SCHINZIANA Mousson. PI. 17, fig. 19.

Shell iinperforate, ovate-elongate, thin, strongly striate,
less so below, the striae conspicuously granulated by others in
a spiral direction. Corneous-buff, painted with wide stripes,
sometimes lightning bent. Spire conic, regular, the summit
minute, acute, whitish; suture indistinctly crenulate. Whorls
8, the nuclear 2 polished, the following ones acutely gran-
ulate, a little convex, the last whorl ovate, not inflated, a
little longer than the spire, not ascending, nearly smooth
beneath. Aperture subvertical (its plane 13 degrees with
the axis), acutely long-oval, showing the external stripes
within ; peristome unexpanded, acute, the margins remote,
joined by a very thin parietal callous. Columella slender,
strongly twisted and produced, acuminate below, not trun-
cate. Length 68, diam. 39 mm. (Mouss.).

Southwest Africa : Ondonga, Ovampo-land, in sandy coun-
try, but not without vegetation (Dr. H. Schinz). East
Africa: Sodanna, in the northeast corner of German East
Africa (Dr. Passarge, 1898). Rikatla, Delagoa (Junod).

A. sell in :m mi Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl., 1887, p. 294,
pi. 12, f. 3. v. MART., Conchol. Mittheil., iii, pp. 6, 40; Sitz-
iingslMT. dies. nat. Freunde, 1900, 119. GODET, in Junod,
Bull. Soc. Vamloise des Sci. nat., xxxv, 1899, p. 278.

According 1<> .Mousson this species differs from A. fulgur-
fil'i and A. varicosa by the acuteness of the summit and the
torsion of the coluinclla, which terminates in a point almost

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 17

without truncation. In the last character it is unlike A.
studleyi, which otherwise seems very similar.

Prof. Godet has identified this species from Rikatla, Dela-
goa, collected by H.-A. Junod, and Prof, von Martens recog-
nizes it from German East Africa. I do not know that either
identification was based upon an actual comparison of speci-
mens/ If well-founded, they give the species a wide range
across the continent.

Group of A. ivclwitschi.

Parachatina Bgt, 1889 ; type A. dohrmana.

Varying from solid to thin, usually dark brown with some
darker streaks, but no zigzag or oblique markings. Aper-
ture and columella white, or tinted blue or lilac. Distribu-
tion, Angola; one species, A. glutinosa, in East Africa.

10. A. PAIVANA Morelet. PI. 2, figs. 11, 12.

Shell oblong-conic, solid, longitudinally striate and very
minutely granulate, glossy rufous-brown, streaked with a
darker shade. Spire elongate, the apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 8, a little convex, the last subangulate, scarcely gran-
ulated, longer than the spire. Columella white, lightly
arcuate, somewhat twisted, tapering-truncate. Aperture
elliptic-oval, whitish inside; peristome simple, unexpanded,
thin, bordered with brown. Length 68, diam. 33 mm.
(Morelet}.

West Africa: Rocky forests of Quisembo, in the district
of Ambriz, Benguela (Welwitsch).

Achatina paivana MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1861, p.
158. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 215. A. paivaana MOREL., Voy.
Welwitsch., Moll., p. 65, pi. 6, f. 3 (1868).

11. A. WELWITSCHI Morelet. PI. 2, fig. 10.

Shell oblong-conic, solid, covered with a thin reddish
cuticle, which is darker below; spire conic-turbinate, pale
above, more or less conspicuously flamed with reddish, the
apex submamillate. Whorls 8 to 9, convex, granulose-decus-
sate, the last whorl plicatulate-striate, obsoletely decussate in

18 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

places, shorter than the spire. Coluraella bluish-white,
arcuate anteriorly, narrowly tapering- truncate. Aperture
acuminate-oval, blue within, pearly; peristome unexpanded,
thin, brown-bordered, the margins joined by a moderate blu-
ish parietal callous. Length 126, diam. 61 mm.

West Africa: Humid forests of Golongo-Alto, near Sange,
and district of the Due de Braganza, Angola (Dr. Wei-
wit. sch).

Achatina welwitschi MOREL., Journ. de Conch., xiv, 1866,
p. 156; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 66, pi. 5, f. 2. PFR., Monogr.,
vi, p. 217.

Morelet defines two varieties: (1) with the shell thick and
ponderous, 9^ whorls, and (2) shorter, more ventricose,
blackish-chestnut, thin, with stronger sculpture, found at the
cataracts of the Lucala river. It has a whorl less than the
type form.

12. A. DOHRNIANA Pfeiffer. PL 10, figs. 30, 31.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, ponderous, but little shining,
piceous. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse; suture sub-
ma rginate. Whorls 8, slightly convex, the upper smooth,
white, the succeeding minutely decussate-granulose, fulvous,
indistinctly red-flammulate, the last whorl longer than the
spire, irregularly rugulose and minutely granulose to the
base, blackish-brown, marked with irregular streaks and spots
of grayish-yellow. Columella lightly arcuate, narrowly trun-
cate at the base. Aperture subvertical, acuminate-oval, blue
a.iid very glossy inside; the peristome simple, brown-mar-
gined, the margins joined by a glossy bluish callous spread-
ing inwards. Length 125, diam. 56, length of aperture 72,
width 36 mm. (P/r.).

West Africa: Angola (Fr. Rois Batalha).

A. dolintiana PFR., Malak. Bl., xvii, 1870, p. 29; Novit.
Conch., iv, p. 1, pi. 109, f. 1, 2; Monogr., viii, p. 273.-
cf. Do 1 1 UN., MSI I. BL, xxi, 1873, p. 79; MORELET, J. de
Conchy!., xxi, 1873, p. 327; xxii, 1874, p. 60.

Dolirn considered this species to be the full-grown stage
<)!' .1. /ninth irtnifi Morel., an opinion which Morelet opposed,

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 19

pointing out that while smaller, A. bandcirana has a half
whorl more, a vertical columella, the shell has no dark
markings, and the base is not granulose, as it is in A.
dohrniana. A. wchritschi is much more closely allied to
dohrniana.

13. A, BANDEIRANA Morelet. PI. 3, figs. 20, 21.

Shell ovate, subfusiform, solid, glossy; spire subturrited,
the apex rather obtuse, smooth, whitish. Whorls S 1 /^, a
little convex, the early ones very minutely granulate, pale
tawny, the last two burnt-chestnut, subregularly plicatulate-
striate, decussated with narrow spiral impressions; the last
whorl obscurely banded, equal to the spire or a little shorter.
Columella white-blue, somewhat twisted, nearly straight, tap-
ering-truncate. Aperture acuminate-oval, blue within ; peri-
stome unexpanded, thin, brown-bordered, the margins joined
by a thin, bright blue callous. Length 101, diam. 43 mm.
(Morel).

West Africa : Rocky heights of the Serra de Pedras de
Guinga, Angola (Dr. Welwitsch). Landana, Congo (Petit) ;
near Banza-Manteka, in a grassy plain on the caravan route
from Matade to Loukoungou (E. Dupont).

A. bandeirana MOREL.. J. de Conch., 1866, p. 156; Voy.
Wehvilsch, p. 67, pi. 6, f. 1. DOHRN, Malak. BL, xxi, 1873,
p. 79. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 213. ANCEY, J. de Conchyl.,
1902, p. 279. - - DAUTZENBERG, Bull de 1'Acad. Sci. Roy.
Belgique (3 Ser.), xx, p. 567 (1891).

This species, named for the Marquis Bandeira, has been
united by Dohrn with A. dohrniana Pfr., a view combatted
by Morelet (Journ. de Conchyl., 1873, p. 327; 1874, p. 60).

Dautzenberg examined specimens collected in the Congo
valley by Dupont, typical in other respects, but measuring
160x77 mm.

14. A. MONETARIA Morelet. PI. 5, fig. 6.

Shell ovate-acute, thick, ponderous; livid whitish, covered
with a thin, tawny cuticle. Spire contabulate, mucronate,
the apex acute, flesh-colored. Whorls 8, the early ones con-

20 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

vex, most minutely granulate, the last three horizontally
flattened below the sutures, then a little convex; last whorl
very large, rudely and closely granose-plicate, much longer
than the spire. Columella thick, white, lightly arcuate, ob-
liquely truncate above the base of the aperture. Aperture
ample, subvertical, sinuate-oval, milk-white within; peri-
stome obtuse, unexpancled, brown-edged outside, the outer
margin shortly sinuous above, joined to the other by a wide,
thick, whitish parietal callous. Length 142, diam. 65 mm.
(Morel.}.

West Africa: Country of the Selles, in the interior of the
district of Novo Redondo, Benguela (Welwitsch).

Achatina monetaria MOREL., Voy. Welwitsch, Moll., pp.
47, 63, pi. 8, f. 2 (1868). PFB., Monogr., viii, p. 272.

Described from one shell, which had been denuded in large
part of its cuticle. The latter appeared to have been fawn-
colored, with some darker longitudinal lines. The shell is
remarkable for the terraced or somewhat scalariform shape
of the spire, which, however, may be pathologic. The lip is
thick and the interior milk-white.

The natives of Benguela cut these shells into beads, which
when pierced and strung are used as money; known to the
Portuguese under the name quirandas de Dongo. They also
serve the purpose of personal adornment of the fair sex.
Achatina balteata Reeve is still more widely put to the
same uses.

15. A. BAYAONA Morelet. PI. 3, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell ovate, ventricose, thin, rufous or greenish-fulvous,
streaked with darker, with an oily lustre. Spire submamil-
late with acute apex, flammulate with red. Whorls 8y 2 , con-
vex, granulated to the periphery of the last, which is ven-
tricose, rugulose striated, and longer than or rarely equalling
the spire. Columella straight, arcuate anteriorly, abruptly
truncate at the base. Aperture elliptic-oval, pearly within,
the peristome unexpanded, thin, margins joined by a super-
ficial callous. Length 74, diam. 40 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: District of the Due de Braganza, Angola;

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 21

forests of the district of Huilla, not far from the colony of
Lopollo, Benguela (Welwitsch). Malange, on the Quanza
(Coanza) river (Buchner).

Achatina bayaona MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1866, p.
157. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 214. A. bayoniana MOREL., Voy.
Welwitsch, p. 68, pi. 7, f. 1. PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 274.
MARTENS, Jahrb., ix, 245.

Curious for its thin texture, brilliant gloss and ventricose
shape. There is a less ventricose form with longer spire of
nearly a whorl more, and much thinner yellowish-green shell.
Length 62, diam. 33 mm.

16. A. TAVARESIANA Morelet. PL 2, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate-subfusiform, thin, striate, glossy, buff-green,
irregularly streaked with darker. Spire long-conic, obscurely
flammulate, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls 8y 2 , granulated
as far as the periphery of the last one, the latter rather
ventricose, longer than the spire. Columella nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, pale. Aperture oblong, oval, opalescent-
bluish inside ; peristome unexpanded, thin. Length 67, diam.
31 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa : presidio of Pungo-Andonga, Angola, in
great numbers, in the edge of the forest.

Achatina tavaresiana MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1866,
p. 157; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 69, pi. 5, f. 6. PFR., Monogr.,
vi, p. 214. cf. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 635.

Group of A. liortensia: (Section Serpcea Bgt.).
Shell small, short, strongly inflated, quite thin. A. hor-
tensice may be taken as the type of a small group of species,
indicated by Bourguignat under the name Serpcea. He,
however, included Achatincc of very diverse structure.

17. A. DAMMARENSIS Pfeiffcr. PL 11, figs. 32, 33.

Shell ovate, thin; pale greenish-buff, marked with dark,
irregular streaks. Spire conic, the vertex minute, obtuse;
suture little impressed, minutely crenulate. Whorls 6^/2, a
little convex, the upper granulate-decussate, the penult, with

22 ACIIATINA, WEST AFRICA.

oblong grains formed by more distant spiral lines; last whorl
nearly three-fifths the total length, somewhat wrinkled from
suture to periphery and having lightly impressed spiral
lines, nearly smooth below the middle. Columella whitish,
arcuate, abruptly truncate. Aperture a little oblique, acu-
minate-oval, pearly-whitish within; peristome thin, unex-
panded, the margins not connected. Length 45, diam. 24,
aperture 26x14 mm. (P/r.).

Southwest Africa: Damaraland (Dohrn coll.); Ilbeb on
the Khan river (A. Schenck).

Achatina dammarensis PFR., Malak. Bl., xvii, 1870, p. 31;
Novit. Conch., iv, p. 2, pi. 109, f. 3, 4; Monogr., viii, 274.-
A. damarensis Pfr., MARTENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde
zu Berlin, 1889, p. 162; Archiv. f. Naturg., Lxiii, i, 1897,
p. 40.

This species has about the shape of A. papyracea Pfr., but
is much more nearly related to A. bayaona Morel. It differs
from this by the more ovate contour, the last whorl being
less contracted below; besides, the columella is much more
strongly arched, and the granulation appears much coarser
on the penult, whorl and upper half of the last (Pfr.}.

18. A. noRTENSi^: Morelet, PL 6, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell ovate, inflated, thin, pellucid, glossy, granulose-
decussate. Brownish-green, streaked lengthwise with brown.
Spire acutely conic, short, the suture deep. Whorls 6, con-
vex, the last inflated, wrinkle-striate at the base, smooth an-
teriorly, more than half the total length. Columella regu-
larly arcuate, pallid, abruptly truncate. Aperture oval,
opaline within; peristome unexpanded and acute. Length
32, diam. 19 mm. (Morel.}.

\\Vst Africa: district of Huilla, in the province of Ben-
guela ; between Lopollo and Lake Ivantala, 5,000 ft. elev.

Achalina hortensice MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1866, p.
159; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 74, pi. 4, f. 3. PFR., Monogr., vi,
p. 216.

With the sculpture and coloration of the large Achatinas,
this specios is remarkable for its small size, fragility and

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 23

short spire. The granulation does not extend below the
periphery of the last whorl.

Ancey has figured a shell from Ibahi, Ugogo, having much
the appearance of this species, but it is said to be similar
to A. gramdata in sculpture and coloration (J. de C., 1902,
p. 277).

Group of A. occidentalis.

19. A. OCCIDENTALIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 45, figs. 1, 2.
Shell ovate-conic, rather thin but strong, pure white under

a thin straw-yellow cuticle, which is absent from the early
whorls. Spire rather long and straightly conic, the apex
obtuse. First whorl smooth, the next faintly rippled, the
rest of the whorls closely and finely striate, the striae more
or less irregular or anastomosing, decussated. On the last
whorl the stria? are coarser, and obsolete except near the
suture, giving place to very weak, coarse wrinkles; and the
spirals disappear except near the suture, where they are
rather weak. Whorls S 1 /^, convex, the last rather inflated
below. Aperture ovate, bluish-white within. Columella nar-
row, white, concave above, very narrowly truncate below, a
small ridge, terminating at the basal notch, behind it. Pari-
etal callous a transparent film. Outer lip brownish at the
edge. Length 70, diam. 34, length of aperture 34.5 mm.

West Africa: Corisco Island.

This rather glossy white species is distinguished by its
rather long spire, quite sinuous columella which is only nar-
rowly truncate, and the small aperture, less than one-half
the length of the shell. The last whorl is smooth except
near the suture.

20. A. ALBICANS Pfeiffer. PL 19, fig. 30.

Shell ovate-conic, thin, longitudinally striate, somewhat de-
cussate with spiral lines which are obsolete below the middle
of the last whorl, diaphanous, slightly shining, whitish. Spire
pyramidal, a little obtuse, the suture submarginate. Whorls
6y 2 , somewhat convex, the last a little longer than the spire,
slightly tapering basally. Columella vertical, rather narrow,

24 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

horizontally and shortly truncated above the base of the
rhombic-semioval aperture. Peristome simple, unexpanded,
the basal margin slightly arcuate. Length 46, diam. 23 mm.,
aperture 25x12.5 mm. (Pfr.) .

West Africa ( Cumin g coll.).

A. albicans PFR., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 259; Monogr., hi, p.
487; Conchyl. Cab., p. 320, pi. 26, f. 3.

A small white species, not closely resembling any other
from West Africa, and known by the original specimen only.

Group of A. pfeifferi (Section Pintoa Bgt.).
Pintoa BGT., Moll, de 1'Afrique Equatoriale, p. 80, 1889.

Slender, elongated shells, with the contour of Limicolaria.
Apex obtuse and rather large ; the nepionic whorls are smooth,
the following whorls decussate below sutures. Aperture
small.

Bourguignat established this group for A. pfeifferi, semi-
decussata, capelloi, zebriola, polycliroa, and colubrina. Re-
moving the second of these species, the remainder form a
moderately natural group, distinguished by their small size
and slender contour. The type of Pintoa is A. pfeifferi.
Perhaps A. cllioti Smith, an East African species, and A.
liringstonei M. & P., of Bechuanaland, belong here also.

21. A. PFEIFPERI Dunker. PI. 38, figs. 25-29.

Shell ovate-turrite, rather solid, glossy; dirty white or
buff, ornamented with longitudinal brown flames and streaks,
covered with a yellowish cuticle. Spire long, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 8 to 9, a little convex, obsoletely longitudinally
striated, the upper ones very obsoletely decussate below the
suture, the last whorl nearly two-fifths the whole length of
the shell. Aperture oval ; columella very arcuate ; peristome
acute. Alt. nearly an inch and a half. Alt,: diam. as
100:35 (Dkr.).

West. Africa: Loanda, on sandy hills, not common (Dr.
Tarns).

Achalina i>fciffcri DKR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1845, p. 163;
Index inolluscorum quae in itinere ad Guineam Inferiorem

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 25

collegit (Jeorgius Tarns Med. Dr., p. 7, pi. I, f. 39, 40 (1853).
-PHILIPPI, Abbild., ii, p. 214, pi. 1, f. 2. PFR., Monogr., ii,
259; Conchyl. Cab., p. 334, pi. 29, f. 4, 5 (bad). REEVE,
C. Icon., v, pi. 1, f. 1. MORELET, Voy. Welwitsch, p. 71.

This is one of the narrowest species of Achatina. It has
the general appearance of Limicolaria. The initial whorl
and a half are smooth ; then follow several very finely, densely
striate whorls, the striae cut into long granules by incised
spirals. This decussation usually disappears wholly from the
last whorl or two, but sometimes persists just below the
suture. The oblique stripes of the surface usually are
abruptly replaced on the last whorl by narrower vertical
streaks. Two specimens of the series before me measure :

Length 36, diam. 14, apert. 15 mm., whorls 8iA.

Length 42, diarn. 14.5, apert, 14 mm., whorls 9.

Dr. Welwitsch reports this agate snail as of frequent occur-
rence on the margins of the small lakes of Quicuje (Loanda),
where they bury themselves very deeply in the sand in the
dry season. Large ones attain a length of 48, breadth 10
mm., with 9 whorls.

A. ivensi was described from one specimen, probably not
quite adult, It is evidently very closely related to A. pfeif-
feri, and I believe identical. It was collected by Capello
and Ivens, who explored in the Zambesi valley, but who
probably touched at Loanda on their voyage to or from Por-
tugal. No locality was given by them for the species. The
original description follows:

A. ivensi Furtado. PI. 19, figs. 28, 29. Shell ovoid, elon-
gate, solid, glossy, ornamented with fine and close growth-
lines, and below the suture, spiral stride forming a fine de-
cussate-granulation. Whorls 8, convex, the summit relatively
quite large and obtuse; suture well marked, white, strongly
plicate and bordered. Coloration of oblique lines and flam-
mules of a dark chestnut color on a w r axen-white, bluish or
yellowish ground; these lines being arrested on the face of
the last whorl by a sort of growth-arrest or varix, after
which the flames begin vertical, gradually becoming oblique
again. The stripes cover more and more of the surface, so

126 ACHATJNA, WEST AFRICA.

that on the back of the last whorl there appear to be whitish
lines so disposed on an almost black-chestnut ground as to
produce an elegant and characteristic delta design. The
aperture is ovoid, bluish-white, glossy inside and showing
the external pattern through. Right margin simple and
sharp ; columella very strongly arcuate ; on the parietal wall
a mere trace of callous. Length 33, diam. 12.5, aperture
13x7 MIDI. (Furlad-o, Journ. de Conchyl., 1886, p. 145, pi.
6, f. 2).

22. A. ZEBRIOLATA Morelet. PI. 6, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate or elongate, obsoletely and irregularly striate,
a little glossy, whitish-fulvous or gray, painted with scarlet,
sinuous, longitudinal or oblique stripes. Spire elongate, the
apex rather obtuse, the suture impressed, in the last two
whorls generally margined. Whorls 8 to 8y 2 , & little convex,
the last three-sevenths the total length. Columella arcuate,
slightly truncate, nearly reaching the base. Aperture ellip-
tical, milk-white within, showing the bands through; peri-
stome acute and unexpanded. Length 35, diam. 15, aperture
14i/ 2 x 9 1/, mm- (Morel).

West Africa: Golungo-Alto, on aquatic plants on the Rio
Quiapose, not far from Sange, Angola (Dr. Welwitsch).
Malange on the Quanza (Mechow) ; Malash on the Kassai
(Buchner) .

Ackatina zebriolata MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., xiv, 1866,
p. 158; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 72, pi. 3, f. 1. PFR., Monogr.,
vi, p. 219. v. MART., Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., ix, 246.

23. A. POLYCHROA Morelet. PL 5, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell oblong-conic or fusiform, rather solid, plicatulate-
striate, and somewhat decussated in places by lightly-
impressed spiral lines. Whitish or fulvous, variously
painted with wide chestnut flame-like or zigzag stripes,
confluent at the base, and spots of the same color.
Spire long, the apex rather acute; suture submargined.
Whorls 9, a little convex, arcuately plicatulate-ribbed be-
low the sutures, the last whorl a little more than two-

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 27

fifths the whole length, usually obliquely striped with
descending stripes. Columella somewhat twisted, straight,
abruptly truncate, nearly reaching the base. Aperture
truncate-oval, somewhat channelled, glossy-calloused inside.
Length 44, diam. 18 mm.; aperture 20x10 mm. (Morel.}.

West Africa : Angola, in the district of Pungo-Andongo,
especially near the salines of Dungo. Malange (Buchner).

Achatina polychroa MOREL., Journ. de Conchy]., xiv, 1866,
p. 158; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 72, pi. 3, f. 5. PFR., Monogr.,
vi, p. 219. MARTENS, Jahrb., ix, 246.

Excessively variable in size, color and pattern. Besides
the striped forms there are livid whitish shells, uniform or
with indistinct brownish streaks, and thin, uniform greenish-
brown ones.

In the district of Ambaca, and that of the Due de Bra-
ganza, farther north, there is a larger form, 57 x 25 mm.,
with the shell reddish or greenish-brown, in rare specimens
with dark flames as in the type.

Ancey has referred this species to Leptocala (Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, v, p. 71, foot-note 5.

24. A. COLUBRINA Morelet. PL 4, figs. 24, 25.

Shell ovate-turrite, subfusiform, rather thin, glossy, lon-
gitudinally plicatulate-striate ; sooty, darker below, orna-
mented with wavy or angular blackish stripes. Spire turrite,
the apex subacute; suture crenulate, pale-margined. Whorls
7i/o, moderately convex, the early ones more or less granu-
late, the last tapering downwards, three-sevenths the total
length. Columella nearly straight, violaceous-brown, reach-
ing nearly to the base. Aperture oblong semioval, purple-
black and pearly within. Peristome thin and unexpanded.
Length 55, diam. 20 mm. ; aperture 23 mm. long, 10 wide
(Morel.).

West Africa: district of Ambaca, near the cavern Purica-
carambola (Dr. Welwitsch). Malange (Mechow).

Achatina colubrina MOREL., J. de Conchyl., xiv, 1866, p.
157; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 70, pi. 4, f. 1. PFR., Monogr., vi,
p. 219. MARTENS, Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges., ix, 246.

JS ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

A species of long, slender contour and dark coloration.
Spiral striae are wholly wanting in some individuals, and
when present they rarely pass beyond the penult, whorl.

25. A. SYLVATICA Putzeys. PI. 17, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell ovate, rather thin, pale buff irregularly marked with
dark chestnut stripes, narrow and often broken on the spire,
obsolete on the upper whorls, but on the last whorl broad
and dark, confluent at the base, the suture margined below
ivith chestnut. Surface of the last whorl smooth, but the in-
termediate whorls of the spire are finely decussate- granulate
below the sutures. Whorls 6y 2 , the first 2% smooth, more
or less worn and in fully adult shells sometimes truncate.
Aperture ovate, milk-white within, but showing the dark
markings more or less distinctly. Columella subvertical, nar-
row, brownish, obliquely truncate; lip thin, narrowly dark-
edged; parietal callous thin, transparent. Length 33, diam.
17, aperture 17 mm.

Congo Free State: Forest of Musungu Kifuluka below
Nyangwe, zone of Manyema.

Achatina sylvatica PUTZEYS, Bull, des Seances, Roy. Soc.
Malac. Belg., 1898, p. Ixxxiii, f. 19. (Not of Pfr. or Desh.
= Stenogyra.}

A handsome little species, chiefly remarkable for its smooth-
ness and the broad, basally confluent brown stripes of the
last whorl. Fig. 16 is a copy of the original figure.

26. A. CAPELLOI Furtado. PL 39, figs. 34, 35.

Shell oval, elongate, turriculate, solid, quite glossy, orna-
mented with quite regular spiral and longitudinal striae,
crossing at right angles, producing the granulose surface well
known in certain species of the genus, but in this one of an
extreme delicacy, especially on the upper part of the spire.
From the seventh whorl the stria? gradually lose their fine-
ness and regularity, and finally are wholly replaced by strong
growth striae on the lower half of the last whorl. Whorls 9,
elegantly convex and slowly increasing, the summit obtuse;
suture quite well marked, whitish, strongly plicate and sub-

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 29

crenulate. The coloration consists on the upper whorls of
oblique, angular lines or stripes of a vinous-red color, on a
whitish ground washed with the same color. These stripes
become longitudinal, wider, relatively closer, and of a dark
chestnut-brown, on a pale yellow ground, washed with red-
dish and with golden reflections, on the ventral surface of
the last whorl. Aperture ovoid, piriform, bluish within, the
right margin simple and sharp, columella feebly arcuate,
whitish; a thin bluish callous on the right margin. Length
65, diam. 26, aperture 27x13.5 mm. (Furtado).

Plain before Quintum (Capello & Ivens).

Achatina capelloi FURTADO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1886, p.
143, pi. 7, f. 2.

Resembles somewhat A. colubrina Morel., but differs in
proportions and the vivacity of its coloring, and by the gran-
ulation. A. perfecta Morel, is larger and not so slender,
with a somewhat different color-pattern.

27. A. MOLLICELLA Morelet.

Shell imperforate, ovate-elongate, thin, glossy, hyaline,
spirally very minutely striate, pale fulvous and zebra-striped
with darker streaks, wider on the spire, closer on the last
whorl. Spire elongate, the apex obtuse. "Whorls 6, a little
convex, parted by an impressed suture, the last whorl in-
flated, tapering basally, longer than the spire. Columella
narrow, somewhat twisted, nearly straight, obliquely trun-
cate. Aperture semioval, pearly within, the margins joined
by a superficial callous, right margin arcuate, thin and un-
expanded. Length 18, diam. 12 mm.

West Africa: Guinea (Capt. Vignon).

A. mollicella MOREL., J. de C., 1860, p. 189. PFR., Monogr.,
vi, 216.

Referred to Leptocala by Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. France,
v, p. 70, foot-note 3 ; but he does not state that he had seen
a specimen.

::<> ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

Group of A. balteata.
Shell large and elongate, granulate or decussate throughout.

28. A. RUGOSA Putzeys. PL 34, fig. 12 ; pi. 33, figs. 8, 9.
Shell rather solid, long-conic, slightly shining, the apex

obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, a little convex, usually marginate,
the first smooth, then very delicately granulate; the upper
whorls roseate, the rest covered with a brown cuticle, some-
times irregularly marked with dark chestnut flames, wider
above the suture ; the last whorl oblong, somewhat compressed,
obscurely banded, regularly grooved with wrinkles of growth
and close spiral lines. Aperture oblong, the lip acute, milky-
bluish within. Columella variable, margins joined by a very
thin bluish callous. Length 130 to 104, diam. 60 to 46, length
of aperture 70 to 56 mm. (Putz.) .

Congo Free State: forest of Micici, zone of Manyema.

Achatina rugosa PUTZ., Bull, des seances de la Soc. Roy.
Malac. de Belgique, 1898, p. Ixxxiii, f . 18. Bull, for 1901, p. Ix.

This species has some resemblance to A. balteata Rve., but
it differs in the sculpture of the last whorl, which is coarsely
wrinkled, and covered with a very dense, fine granulation,
which on the last whorl is more or less distinctly transformed
into a dense, wavy spiral lineolation. The specimens before
me (pi. 33, figs. 8, 9) are quite thin and light, and vary in
color, one being olivaceous-yellow, marked with broad but
indistinct dark red-brown flames, the early whorls pale ros-
eate, while the other is clear yellowish-green with some darker
streaks, also becoming roseate and narrowly striped above.
Length 110, diam. 48, length apert. 59 mm., whorls 8.

' ' It was first found in the forests of the Wazimba country,
on the right bank of the Lualaba, northeast of Nyangwe,
but we have since encountered this Achatine on the same side
at Musungu Kifuluka, Nsendwe, Lokandu, Ponthierville, and
we have received a specimen from Stanley Falls" (D. et P.).

29. A. BALTEATA Reeve. PI. 4, fig. 27.

Shell acuminately oblong, somewhat fusiform, rather thick.
Whorls 8 to 9, slightly plicately striated, very closely min-

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 31

utely granulated. Columella peculiarly arched and twisted,
abruptly truncated. Yellowish, stained towards the apex
with chestnut longitudinal bands and encircled about the
middle with a rather indistinct interrupted spiral band ;
columella and interior of the aperture bluish- white (Reeve}.

Length 140, diam. 67, length of aperture 75 mm.

Length 108, diam. 49, length of aperture 57 mm.

West. Africa: banks of the river Gambia (Cuming coll.);
Free Town, Sierra Leone (U. S. exped.) ; forests of Golungo
Alto and in the district of Novo Redondo, Benguela (Wel-
witsch). Gabun (coll. A. N. S.). Chinchoxo on the Loanda
coast (Mechow).

Achatina balteata RVE., Conch. Icon., v, pi. 2, f. 7 (Feb.,
1849). DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 164, pi. 132, f. 3-5.-
PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 487 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 304, pi. 11, f . 3,
4. MORELET, Voy. Welwitsch, p. 65. STEARNS, Proc. U. S.
Nat, Mus., 1893, p. 326. MARTENS, Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges., ix,
245.

The surface of the last whorl has the appearance of being
covered with a rough, fibrous epidermis, caused by the pecu-
liar sculpture seen under a lens. The fine folds are densely
granulose, while the intervals are mainly smooth and glossy.
The whorls of the spire have an excessively fine, even and
beautiful sculpture of minute granules in spiral rows. The
first whorl or two are smooth and whitish. There is no change
of sculpture at the periphery. The shell is quite heavy for
its size.

The enormous length of coast along the Gulf of Guinea
separates the northwestern range given by Reeve and Stearns
for this species, from the southern given by Morelet; but
the locality Gabun lies between the extremes. A series of
specimens before me from Gabun indicates that A. infrafusca
is an extreme form, which intergrades with typical balteata.
D'Ailly found only the allied A. iostoma in the Kamerun
collections studied by him.

Dr. Welwitsch reports that in Benguela the blacks use this
species, as well as A. monetaria, for the coinage of "qui-
randa" currency.

32 ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA.

29a. Var. INFRAFUSCA v. Martens. PI. 4, figs. 22, 23.

Shell fusiform-ovate, imperforate, rugose-striate, granu-
lated throughout, the granules in spiral series. Tawny above,
the suture and periphery painted with more or less wavy
or short chestnut stripes, uniform chestnut below, some
darker spots in places where the two colors join. Spire conic,
the suture simple. Whorls Sy 2 , nearly flat, the first two
white, the following with numerous stripes. Aperture occu-
pying somewhat less than half the length, ovate, but obliquely
contracted above and below, bluish inside. Peristome thin,
unexpanded, dark brown inside. Columellar margin some-
what arcuate, bluish, narrowed below and then transversely
truncated. Length 120, diam. 60, aperture 59 x 32 mm.
(Mart.).

West Africa: mouth of the Gabun river (Dr. Buettner) .

A. dimidiata v. M., Conchologische Mittheilungen, iii, p.
17, pi. 42, f. 1, not of Smith. A. infrafusca MARTENS, Besch-
alte Weichthiere D. Ostafr., p. 89, 1898.

"Recalls A. balteata Rve. from Gambia in many respects,
but differs by the coloring, which resembles more that of
A. tincta Rve., which, however, has a different form and
sculpture ' ' (Mart. ) .

The shells from Gabun before me are partly typical infra-
fusca, partly intermediate between that and typical balteata.

30. A. IOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PI. 17, fig. 18; pi. 42, fig. 10.

Shell fusiform-ovate, thin, evenly granulate throughout,
slightly shining; fulvous, ornamented with obscure, wide,
subangular streaks. Spire conic, attenuate above, pallid, the
apex obtuse; suture subcrenulate. Whorls 7 1 /, a trifle con-
vex, the last a little longer than the spire, somewhat taper-
ing at the base. Columella slightly twisted, the base ob-
liquely and shortly truncate. Aperture vertical, narrowly
semioval, pale lilac and glossy within; peristonie simple, the
right margin regularly arcuate. Length 128, diam. 56, aper-
ture 72x30 mm. (Pfr.).

West Africa: Fernando Po (Fraser, in Cuming coll.);
Kamerun at Etome, Bibundi, Itoki Na N'Golo and Victoria
(Dusen, Sjostedt and Buchholz).

ACHATINA, WEST AFRICA. 33

Achatina iostoma PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 86; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 360, pi. 43, f. 7; Monogr., iii, p. 485. D'AILLY, Bihang,
p. 65. A. baltcata v. MART., Monatsber. Berlin, 1876, p. 258,
pi. 2, f. 2 (living animal).

A. iostoma is reported as locally abundant in Kamerun. I
do not know that the locality Fernando Po has been con-
firmed in recent years. It is apparently more lengthened
than A. balteata Reeve, and further differs somewhat in the
apparent absence of the remarkable surface wrinkles of that
form. I have not seen specimens.

31. A. iNyEQUALis Pfeiffer.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, irregularly painted with streaks
and flames of buff, fulvous and chestnut. Spire long-conic,
the apex obtuse; suture crenulate above, provided with a
pale crenulate cord on the last whorl. Whorls 7, a little
convex, the upper granulate-decussate, the last slightly longer
than the spire, somewhat wrinkled, obsoletely granulate at
the suture, somewhat tapering basally. Columella slightly
twisted, whitish, obliquely truncate. Aperture vertical, an-
gulate-oval, bluish inside; peristome unexpanded, the right
margin brown-edged. Length 78, diam. 38, aperture 42 x 21
or 22 mm. (Pfr.).

West Africa: Fernando Po (Cuming coll.).

A. in&qualis PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 99; Monogr., iv, 601.

Known to me by the original description only. It has not
been found on Fernando Po by later collectors. Its system-
atic position in the genus is uncertain.

32. A. ALLISA Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 17.

Shell elongately oblong, somewhat cylindrical. AVhorls 7,
obliquely finely granosely striated, finely crenulated beneath
the sutures. Aperture rather small. Columella arched,
slightly twisted, abruptly truncated. Olive-yellow, here and
there irregularly bedaubed with reddish chestnut blotches
(Reeve}.

West Africa: Cape Palmas, Liberia (Cuming coll.).

Achatina allisa REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 5, f. 16 (Feb., 1849).
PFR., Monogr., iii, 489; iv, 603; vi, 218.

;!4 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

IMViffer describes the type as rather solid, finely granulose-
striate, with impressed-marginate suture. Length 75, diam.
29, aperture 35 x 17 mm. I have not seen the species.

Pfeiffer has described and figured a var. b, whitish, with
spots and streaks of pale fulvous or subobsolete, from Zan-
zibar, collected by Rodatz. See Conchyl. Cabinet, Bulimus,
pi. 44, f. 7, 8, and Achatina, p. 367. It cannot well be be-
lieved to belong to the West African A. allisa.

SPECIES OF EAST AFRICA AND THE LAKE REGION.

LITERATURE OF EAST AFRICAN ACHATINIML. The species
of the coast and adjacent islands were for the most part
known to the early writers, Bruguiere, Lamarck, Ferussac,
and others, though much work still remains to be done upon
their local races and relationships. The principal workers
upon the interior forms have been. E. A. Smith, whose fruit-
ful work upon this fauna has continued from 1880 to the
present time (Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, and in the British conchological periodicals). E. von
Martens, whose Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Afrikas has taken
its place as a classical work on this fauna, and M. J. R.
Bourguignat, who has treated especially of Achatina in two
works : Description de diverses especes terrestres et fluviatiles
et de differents genres de Mollusques de 1'Egypte, de 1'Abys-
sinie, de Zanzibar, du Senegal et du centre de 1'Afrique
(1879), and Mollusques de 1'Afrique Equatoriale (1889).
Mr. C. F. Ancey also has published a number of critical and
descriptive notes upon the species of this area, his material,
like that of Bourguignat, having been collected largely by
the Christian missionaries whose heroic labors are the glory
of France.

Group of A. panther a.
33. A. RETICULATA Pfeiffer. PL 35, fig. 15.

Shell acutely oblong-ovate, solid and heavy, brownish
cream-white, broadly streaked with reddish-brown on the
spire, less so on the last whorl, sprinkled with dots and spots
of the same color. Surface nearly lusterless, strongly pli-

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 35

catulate, the foldlets coarsely cut into curved granules and
festoons by deeply-cut, irregularly-spaced, unequal spiral
sidci. Spire slender above, often with the tip truncate and
plugged. Whorls 8 (according to Pfr.), 7 in decollate shells,
convex. Aperture ovate, white; outer lip regularly arcuate,
obtuse, white ; columella vertical or concave, abruptly trun-
cate, covered with a glossy white callous which extends over
the parietal wall.

Alt. 185, diam. 77, aperture 83 mm.

Alt. 160, diam. 70, aperture 73 mm. (Pfr., type).

Alt. 195, diam. 85 mm. (Martens).

Alt. 195, diam. 80 mm. (Martens).

Alt. 125, diam. 64 mm., whorls 8-9 (Martens).

East Africa: Island of Zanzibar, in the calcareous district
on the east coast, near Jambiani, by hundreds, on bushes, etc.
(Neumann). Lindi Bay and on the Lindi River (Gibbons,
Marie).

A. reticulata PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 74;
Monogr., ii, p. 252; Conchyl. Cab., p. 326, pi. 27, f. 1; Novit.
Conch., i. p. 98. DESH. in Fer., Hist., p. 160, pi. 129.-
REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 2, f. 9. DOHRN, Malak. Bl., xxi,
p. 180. GIBBONS, Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 143. ANCEY, Bull.
Soc. Malac. France, ii, 1885, p. 139. v. MARTENS, Deutsch-
Ost-Af., p. 81.

The most solid, most coarsely sculptured and one of the
largest species of the genus. The columella varies from
nearly straight and vertical to markedly concave and sinuous.

Mr. Ancey received a sinistral reticulata from near the
Lindi river, in the south of Zanguebar (Bull. Soc. Malae.
France, ii, 139).

34. A. LACTEA Reeve. PL 16, fig. 12.

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, of a rich uniform cream color
both inside and out, covered with a slight, scattered epider-
mis. Spire regular, the whorls are very fully striated longi-
tudinally, the strife rather irregularly following the growth
of the shell, and they are characterized by having a number
of fine lines running around the upper half. Aperture sub-

36 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

oblong, the lip rather solid. Length 4.1, diam. 2.1 inch
(Eve.).

East Africa: Zanzibar (Cuming coll.).

Achatina lactea REEVE, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 55; Conch. Syst,
ii, p. 86, pi. 177, f. 6; Conch. Icon., v, pi. 12, f. 41. PPR.,
Monogr., ii, p. 252. MARTENS, Moll. D. O.-Af., p. 82.

Compared with young shells of A. reticulata of the same
size, this species is seen to widen more rapidly, has more
strongly convex whorls, the mouth being therefore wider.
The sculpture is similar, but the spiral furrows reach less
deeply downwards, not to the following suture on the penult,
whorl, and on the last, hardly the half of its height. There
is no trace of brown markings (Martens}. Pfeiffer gives the
length as 113, width 54, apert. 53 mm.

35. A. BLOYETI Bourguignat.

Shell elongate, but nevertheless relatively tumid, opaque,
rather glossy, the upper whorls smooth, the rest striate, the last
whorl coarsely striate-lamellose ; whitish, with reddish-chest-
nut flames. Spire long-acuminate, rather acute at the sum-
mit. Whorls 7 to 8, convex, regularly increasing, parted by
an impressed suture, the penult, whorl notably swollen to-
wards the right. Last whorl convex-oblong, rounded at the
aperture, not half the length of the shell, slowly descending
in front. Aperture slightly oblique, lunate, irregularly ovate,
rounded outwardly. Columella straight, abruptly truncated,
not descending at the base. Peristome unexpanded, acute,
the parietal callous white. Length 105, diam. 53, aperture
51x31 mm. (Bgt.) .

Ussagara, in the neighborhood of Kondoa (Capt. Bloyet).

A. Uoyeti BGT., Moll, de 1'Afrique Equat, p. 82 (1889).

Remarkable for the acuminate spire, relatively very convex
whorls, notably the penultimate whorl, as well as the last
whorl, strongly swollen, rounded on the right side. This
gives the suture between the two whorls a very conspicuous
concavity. The columella descends straightly to a truncation
well in front of the base of the aperture. Known only by
Bourguignat 's description.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 37

35<z. Var. fatalis Martens.

Elongated, somewhat ventricose, thick-shelled, closely pli-
cate-striate with shallow spiral lines, which are distinct and
rather numerous on the upper whorls, obsolete on the last;
whitish with a few brown, vertical streaks. Whorls 8y 2 , con-
vex, regularly increasing, the last long-elliptical with a spiral
groove close below the suture, long, somewhat saccate below.
Aperture comparatively small, scarcely oblique, obliquely
quadrangular ; peristome white ; columellar margin short,
thick, nearly vertical, weakly truncate, the basal margin
rounded below the truncation. Parietal callous thin, very
pale rose-red. Length 143, diam. of the last whorl 73, of
the penultimate 55 mm. ; aperture 60 mm. long, and including
the columellar margin 47, without it 39 mm. wide (Mart.).

On all the steppes below Kilima-Njaro, 700-1100 meters,
rather common, the types from near Dechalla lake (Dr. Vol-
kens) ; steppes at the southern foot of Kilima-Njaro (Dr.
Lent) .

Achatina fatalis MART., Sitz.-Ber. d. Ges. nat. Freunde ;m
Berlin, 1895, p. 145. A. bloyeti var. fatalis MART., Moll. D.
Ost-Af., p. 82.

The thickness of the shell and the general shape remind
one of A. reticulata. Bourguignat's description of A. Noyeti
agrees in many particulars, but his words, "grosse striato-
lainellosa, ' ' indicate a still stronger sculpture, and more stress
is laid upon the rounding out of the individual whorls, with
pronounced deepening of the suture, than would be the case
with our snail.

This shell plays a part in the trials by ordeal of the AVad-
shagga peoples, the accused whose guilt or innocence is to be
proved being compelled to take the poison draught from it.

36. A. MARIEI Ancey. PI. 13, fig. 45.

Shell thick, ponderous, imperforate, somewhat shining,
chestnut-colored, the last whorl chestnut-gray, summit pale,
then the upper whorls lightly brown-flamed, the rest hardly
streaked or variegated; lower whorls with fold-like growth-
lines, the apical ones smooth ; posteriorly granulose-decussate,

38 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

with more or less wide-spaced or obsolete spiral impressed
lines, wholly disappearing below the middle. Spire conoid-
ovate, the apex minute. Whorls 7, convex, regularly increas-
ing, the suture at first simple, becoming irregularly crenate.
Last whorl large, ovate. Aperture whitish inside, the pari-
etal, columellar and outer margins rose-tinted ; angular above,
convex outwardly; callous thick, pale roseate. Columella
arcuate, strong, abruptly and obliquely truncate at the base.
Length 169, diam. 84, aperture 97x50 mm. (Anccy) .

.Mouth of the Lindi river, southern part of German East
Africa (E. Marie).

Ach<;fi)ta mariei ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, p.
221, f. 1 in text (p. 222), 1894; Journ. de Conchyl., 1902,
p. 275, f. 2.

A. immaculata, with one whorl more, is not so large. A.
in ti rid is one of the most massive forms of the genus. It
belongs to the group of panther a and layardi, according to
Ancey.

37. A. MILNEEDWARDSIANA Revoil. PL 14, fig. 4.

Shell very large, lengthened-oblong, solid, heavy, opaque,
glossy, striatulate, the median whorls wrinkled at the suture,
the last whorl fimbriate and crispulate-tuberculate, with two
spiral lines towards the aperture. Upper whorls uniform
\\-iiitish-rose, the rest whitish wine-color and ornamented with
wide vinous-purple flames of more or less deep tint. Spire
long, acuminate, acute at the summit. Whorls 10, a little
convex, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed
suture, the last whorl relatively moderate in size, less than
half the total length, convex, a little compressed below the
suture, swollen and rounded at the aperture, suddenly de-
flexed in front. Aperture scarcely oblique, lunate, rounded
subovate, the outer lip quite convex, pearly- white within;
peristome unexpanded, obtuse, thickened above at the inser-
tion, rather acute at the base. Columella short, robust,
twisted, strongly curved, and conspicuously truncated below,
the sinus below the truncation producing a sulcus outside;
margins joined by a thick white callous (Revoil}.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. ij'.l

Length 143, diam. 64, aperture 60x40 mm.

Length 190, diam. 94 mm. (Ussagara; fig. 4).

Ussagara (Bloyet) ; Massai steppe, northeastward from
Ussandami (Langheld). Also farther north in the Uebi val-
ley above Guelidi, four days' march from Moguedouchou
(Mukdischu). Smaller specimens, only 10 cm. long, were
found- by V. Bettego between Bardera and Brava.

A. milne-edivardsiana REV., Bull. Soc. Malac. de France,
ii, p. 98, pi. 5 (1885). MARTENS, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova
(2), xv, 1895, p. 64; Moll. D. Ost-Afrika, p. 83.

Remarkable for its great size, elongate form and relatively
small aperture with very arcuate outer lip, the short, oblique,
much curved columella, etc. According to Revoil, the snail
buries itself in the sand, leaving only the glossy apical whorls
sticking out.

An example collected by Prof. Peters on the Querimba
Islands, on the coast of Mozambique, between Quiloa and
Mozambique, is very similar to this species. It has been
noticed as a white-mouthed panthera (cf. Martens, Mai. Bl.,
vi, 1859, p. 214). Probably A. fidva Reeve, Conch. Icon., v,
pi. 3, fig. 10, is a small form of this species.

38. A. MARIONI Ancey.

Ovate-elongate, thick, solid, buff -whitish throughout, glossy,
very much granulated (except 2y 2 earliest whorls). Spire
obtuse at the apex; whorls 8, rapidly increasing, convex, the
last longer than the rest, rounded ; all but the earliest granose
and decussate by irregular spiral and longitudinal strire,
which are especially impressed on the upper part of the last
whorl. Aperture simple, oval, truncate, lip not expanded or re-
flexed, the margins joined by a glittering and very thick
callous, the interior part pale buff. Length 113, diam. 66
mm. (Ancey).

Elai country, between Brawa and Nyanza Ukerewe (Vic-
toria Nyanza) (Abdou-Raman-Gindi).

A. marioni ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, iii, p. 414 (May 15,
1881) ; Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, p. 140.

Only dead individuals have been collected, but white ap-

40 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

pears to be the normal color of the shell. It differs from
A. craveni Smith in wanting flammules and in sculpture.
From A. reticulata it differs in being unicolored, shorter,
more strongly conic, and of greatly inferior size. A. marioni
has coarse granulation on the last three whorls, but on the
lower part of the penultimate whorl this sculpture disap-
pears, or at least is very lightly marked. It is also trans-
formed below the middle of the last whorl into a sculpture
similar but much finer, the granules becoming less distinct.
This transformation is quite abrupt, The penultimate whorl
of A. marioni has a tendency to become strongly swollen.
The shell is calcareous and very thick, and the columellar
truncation is very strong and oblique. Description and notes
from Ancey.

39. A. ACUTA Lamarck.

Shell ovate-conic, elongate, the apex acute; very delicately
decussate; white with longitudinal red-chestnut flames, close
and somewhat widened below, separated above; aperture
white. A beautiful shell, quite distinct in shape, and brightly
colored. Length 5 inches (Lam.).

Sierra Leone (coll. Lamarck).

A. acuta LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 129, no. 5 (April,
1822). cf. PFR., Monogr., ii, 251; DESII. in Fer., Hist., ii,
p. 158, pi. 124 A, f. 2; and REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 3, f. 11.

Under the name Helix acuta, Ferussac figured a worn
specimen of a form of A. panthera, in which the broadly
streaked pattern is much interrupted by short, spirally-
elongate blotches. The mouth and columella are white. The
figure measures, length 121, diam. 55, alt. aperture 60 ram.
This is sufficiently near the dimensions given by Lamarck to
lend some color to the supposition that Ferussac figured
Lamarck's type; but the brevity of the original description
does not permit certain identification, which awaits examina-
tion of the type.

Angas has reported A. acuta from Ekongo, on the south-
east coast of Madagascar (P. Z. S., 1877, 527).

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 41

40. A. PANTHERA Ferussac. PL 38, fig. 31.

Shell acutely ovate, solid and strong, whitish with rather
wide purplish streaks shading into the ground-color and
bluish on the right, more sharply denned and browner on the
left side; more or less marked also with a finer, indistiuct
dappled or zigzag pattern. Surface smoothish or rather
coarsely plicatulate on the last half whorl, indistinctly de-
cussate on the spire, several early whorls being smooth.
Whorls iy 2 , convex. Aperture blue-white within, the outer
lip dusky at the edge, columella and parietal callous rose-
colored, the columella rather straight, strong and conspicu-
ously truncate.

Length 151, diam. 75, aperture 76 mm. (fig. of Ferussac's
type).

Length 120, diam. 66, aperture 68 mm.

East Africa: from Zanzibar Island south to Quilimane
(Stuhlmann) and to the Lobombo Mts. opposite Delagoa Bay
(Penther), and inland to Zomba, at 5,000 ft. elev., near the
south end of L. Nyasa (Whyte), Tette on the Zambesi
(Peters), and Queensriver at the Victoria mine, near Barber-
ton, eastern Transvaal (Penther).

Madagascar: Port Levin, on the land side of wooded
dunes, under dead leaves around the trees and sometimes on
bushes (Vesco).

Seychelles: Mahe, common in lowlands and up to 3-400
meters, rare in primitive forest (Brauer).

Mauritius: introduced from Madagascar shortly prior to
1847 (Benson, J. de C., 1858, p. 267).

Reunion (Desh. in Cat. Moll. 1'Ile Reunion, 90, referring
to Fer., pi. 132, f. 1, 2).

Helix panthera FERUSSAC, Prodr., p. 49, no. 349 (nude
name) ; Hist., pi. 126. Achatina panthera DESH. in Lam.,
An. s. Vert., viii, p. 309 ; and in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 159.
REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 3, f. 12. DOHRN, P. Z. S., 1865,
p. 232. MORELET, Series Conch., ii, p. 69. GIBBONS, Journ.
of Conch., ii, p. 143. BOURG., Descript. divers esp. Moll, de
1'Egypte, etc., 1879, p. 9, with "Var. B. Ach. nasimoyensis ;"
Moll, de 1'Afrique equat., p. 75. E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S.,

4l2 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA'.

1899, p. 589, pi. 34, f. 1 (small form from Zomba). STUR-
ANY, Catal. Stidaf. Moll, in Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch.,
Ixvii, 1898, p. 56 (592). MARTENS u. WIEGMANN, Land und
Siisswasser-Moll. der Seychellen, in Mittheil. aus der Zoolo-
gischen Sammlung des Mus. f. Naturkunde in Berlin, i, p.
22 (shell), pp. 85-92, pi. 4. f. 5, 6 (anatomy). MARTZNS in
Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, Beitr. zur Meeresfauna Maurit.,
etc., p. 198 (references to occurrence on Mauritius). ANCEY,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vii, 219 (Shire R., 3 kilo, from S. end
Nyasa, Mgr. Lechaptois). Achatinus MONTF.. Conch. Syst.,
ii, p. 418 (fig. only). ? A. zebra var. eburnoides PFR., see
below. Achatina pantherina Fer., NEVILL, Handlist Moll.
Ind. Mus., i, p. 145, no. 4.

Achatina lamarckiana PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 115 ;
MonogT.. ii, p. 253; iii, 483; iv, 601; vi, 213. Achatina mos-
sambica BRANCSIK, 1892-3, Jahresheft des Naturwissenschaft-
lichen Vereines des Trencsener Comitates, xv, p. 116, pi. 6,
f. 2, 2a, 2& (genitalia, teeth and jaw), pi. 10, f. 2a, 2& (epi-
phragm) . Achatina lechaptoisi ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. de
France, vii, p. 220 (1894).

Typical panthera as figured by Ferussac is a solid, heavy
shell, marbled and streaked in large pattern on a whitish
ground, and with the columella and parietal wall pink or
rose, the interior pale blue. PI. 38, fig. 31, is a copy of
Ferussac 's type figure.

PL 39, fig. 32, represents a shorter specimen received from
Robillard as from Madagascar. This agrees essentially with
Pfeiffer's A. lamarckiana, described as from Madagascar;
but the form known to be from Mozambique is also similar,
and it seems likely that the solid, ventricose form is wide-
spread on the calcareous islets and shore. Pfeiffer, at the
time he described lamarckiana, supposed panthera to be a
form with white columellar margin.

Brancsik has described the form from the island of Mozam-
bique, similar to Reeve's pi. 3, f. 12, and to my pi. 39, fig. 32,
as a new species, under the name A. mossambica. His types
measure 168 mm. long, aperture 95 mm. to 137, apert. 83 mm.
It is stated to differ from A. panthera by the very ventricose

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 43

shape, with conic, rather acute apex. Interior roseate or
blue, columellar and parietal margin rose-colored. The shell
is very solid. In the present state of our knowledge, I do
not see that this form can be separated from what Pfeiffer
called lamarckiana.

A. lecJiaptoisi Ancey is exactly equivalent to mossambica,
except in being a little smaller. It was described from
Mozambique. The type measured, length 125, diam. 75, alt.
apert. 77 mm.

Gibbons, who reports panthera from Mozambique and In-
hambaiie, writes that it is common on the island of Mozam-
bique, living on trees and in cavities of rocks shaded by bush.
On the mainland, individuals are much larger and more solid.
During the dry season it takes refuge in holes in trees I
have seen a dozen or more collected in one cavity. The aper-
ture of the shell is then closed by an opaque epiphragm, non-
calcareous, having a longitudinal slit down the middle. The
animal is omnivorous, eating meat, other snails when dead,
vegetables and paper.

Beyrich found a very short and wide form of panthera
at Kapaiva, Transvaal, length 115, diam. 68, aperture 66
mm. (Mart., Sitzungsber. Ges. nat, Freunde, 1890, p. 86).

It is likely that A. panthera is the shell collected in Mada-
gascar and reported by Bruguiere under the name Bulimus
zebra; though his account of the species is derived chiefly
from the South African form to which the name zebra has
subsequently been restricted. De Montfort's figure (Con-
chyliologie Systematique, ii, p. 418) of Achatunts was
clearly a panthera, but his description and synonymy (pp.
419, 420) apply to the Cape species. Sganzin reports "A.
zebra Lam." as common among bananas in Madagascar. He
probably refers to some form of panthera.

The relation of panthera to acuta Lam. is uncertain until
the type of the latter can be examined. Ferussac's figures
of what he identified as acuta look like a variety of pantJu ra.

Mr. Ancey has recorded a sinistral specimen of A. pan-
thera, from Madagascar.

"Achatina eburnoidcs Sganzin" of Pfeiffer, Monogr., iii,

44 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

p. 482 (1853), as a variety of A. zebra, was based upon
A. eburnoide of Sganzin, in his Catalogue des Coquilles trou-
vees aux des iles de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar,
p. 17, in Memoires de la Societe du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle de Strasbourg, III (1840-1842). Sganzin omitted
the Latin name of this species, which was supplied by Pfeif-
fer. The description follows: I have given this shell the
name of the eburnoide because its whorls are projecting and
cut into like the Eburnas, instead of being rounded as in
the preceding Agate shell ["A. zebra"]. For the rest, it
has the greatest resemblance to the zebra Agathine, and seems
to be only a sport of nature. It has also a little more elon-
gated shape. I found two at Sainte-Marie. This shell is
rare and lives with the preceding ["A. zebra" of Mada-
gascar] .

In Mauritius, where it is said to have been introduced
about 1847, A. panthera is reported to have almost supplanted
A. fulica (Dupont, J. de C., 1878, p. 171).

In the Seychelles the typical form thick-shelled with ros-
eate columella has been found at Mahe in the cultivated
district only.

The specimens from Zomba (pi. 38, fig. 30), near Lake
Nyasa, are "small and rather slender in comparison with the
typical form figured by Ferussac. The largest specimen is
only 125 mm. in length, although consisting of 8^/2 whorls,
the number possessed by a large typical example from Mozam-
bique 157 mm. long. A very small specimen, which prob-
ably would not have grown larger, has a length of only 93
mm." (Smith}.

40a. Var. nasimoyensis Bgt.

This form, which I consider a variety, is relatively very
small (length 90, diam. 47, aperture 50x26 mm.), differing
from the type only in the reduced proportions of every part.
The last whorl, however, seems to be more convex and the
spire is a little more acute (Bgt.}.

It occurred at Nasimoya, Zanzibar, with typical panthera,
123 mm. long.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 45

There is also a variety from Madagascar (Robillard) which
is smaller than the typical form, solid, rather narrow, of a
dull livid or purplish shade with narrow, crowded, whitish
and darker stria? and some indistinct mottling. Columella
and inner edge of lip rose. Outer lip thickened within.
Length 115, diam. 55, aperture 59 mm. A similar shell has
been figured by Deshayes in Ferussac, pi. 132, f. 1, 2.

(Forms with white columellar margin.)
Var. NEUMANN: Martens. PI. 42, fig. 9.

; 'A very peculiar specimen, found in company with A.
reticulata at Jambiani, on the island of Zanzibar, by 0. Neu-
mann, shows in general the characters of A. panthera, but
the mouth is pure white and remarkably thickened, the outer
margin a little flaring outward, and inwardly having a some-
what uneven lip-like thickening, not sharply defined; the
columellar margin is strongly arcuate above, then straight
and also very thick, as is also the callous upon the parietal
wall. Length 126, diam. 62, aperture 64 mm. Evidently a
local form, remaining small, and very old' : (Mart.).

Another form of panthera with white columellar margin
and rather small aperture has been described and figured by
Pfeiffer, Conchyl. Cab., p. 327, pi. 28, f . 1 ; also Monogr., ii,
252. This is a much paler shell than leucostyla. Prof, von
Martens reports two specimens with white columellar margin
from Zanzibar (Stuhlmann), the largest 125x61 mm., aper-
ture 63 mm. Others are recorded from Bagarnoya and near
Kilima-Njaro. A number of specimens from "East Africa"
are before me. They are smaller and thinner than typical
panthera, but have essentially the same color-pattern and
very thin cuticle, mainly deciduous.

Var. LEUCOSTYLA n. var. PL 39, fig. 33; pi. 40, figs. 2, 3.
Shell elongate, rather solid, weakly plicattilate. Last whorl
dusky-olive colored with some darker and lighter streaks, vio-
laceous where worn; preceding whorl or two white, boldly
striped with dark brown slripcs, often interrupted; preced-
ing whorls yellowish- white or pink, narrowly striped with

46 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

brown. Whorls 8y 2 , the first 2y 2 smooth and glossy, uni-
form. Aperture sky-blue within, with a dark purple-brown
border within the acute lip-edge. Columella and parietal cal-
lous blue-white.

Length 143, cliam. 63, aperture 72 mm.

Length 107, diam. 50, aperture 56 mm.

Length 105, diam. 53, aperture 60 mm.

Wasin Island, near the coast about 115 kilom. north of the
northern end of Zanzibar (Sir Charles Eliot).

Remarkable for its very dark color, 27 specimens collected
agreeing in this. The spire shows the typical panthera pat-
tern. It is larger than A. letourneiixi Bgt, and judging
from the description, it is smoother.

Var. CHRYSODERMA Pils. u. v. PI. 41, figs. 5, 6.

Shell thin and light; white with a few narrow stripes or
with diffused patches of red-brown under a bright yellow
cuticle on the last whorl, the spire white with broad red-
brown streaks, fading on the left. Whorls 7y 2 or 8. Aper-
ture fleshy-white within, the columella narrow, delicate.
Columella and parietal wall covered with a thin white callous.

Length 126, diam. 58, aperture 68 mm.

Length 115, diam. 56, aperture 62 mm.

Mauritius (H. Criming, 1852).

1 A. acuta REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 3, f. 11, not of
Lamarck. ? A. fulica REEVE, pi. 2, f. 8.

Apparently mature, yet thin and light, with a thin, white
columellar callous. The specimens were received from Cum-
ing.

41. A. ANTOURTOURENSIS Crosse. PI. 35, fig. 16.

Shell oblong-conic, rather slender, thin but moderately
strong, pure white, retaining small shreds of a thin buff
cuticle, immediately behind the lip. Surface but slightly
shining, delicately plicatulate and obsoletely decussate above,
the last whorl usually smoother. Whorls 7y 2 , slightly con-
vex, the last somewhat flattened between suture and periph-
ery, convexly tapering below; apex obtuse. Aperture white

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 47

within. Columella white, moderately concave or nearly
straight, abruptly or obliquely truncate below; basal lip
deeply arcuate. Parietal callous thin, white with a yellowish
edge. Length 90, diam. 44, aperture 48 mm.

Antourtour, island of Nossi-Be (E. Marie).

A. antourtourcnsis CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xxvii, 1879,
p. 34Q; xxix, 1881, p. 197, pi. 8, f . 1 ; and in Grandidier,
Moll. Madag., pi. 20, f. 3.

A thin, white shell, almost totally denuded of cuticle when
adult, and with no trace of flames or streaks except the slight,
cuticular shreds. Some specimens have a much more arcuate
columella than the type.

42. A. FULVA (Bruguiere).

This species differs from the preceding two [zebra and
achatina], with which it has great affinity, (1) in that the
shell, though composed of the same number of whorls, is a
little more lengthened and less ventricose; (2) the striae are
all longitudinal, inconspicuous, and without any appearance
of transverse strke; (3) the aperture is shorter than half
the shell, the left lip is very thin and not colored, and the
columella is a beautiful incarnate tint, as in the B. achatina,
but a little less intense. Finally, it differs by the color of
the exterior, which is fallow throughout, without mixture of
any other color. All other parts of the shell conform to
those of the two species preceding. I do not know the
habitat (Brug.}.

Bulimus fulvus BRUG., Encyclopedic Methodique, i, p. 359
(1792). Helix fulvescens Fer., Prodr., no. 345. Achatina
fulvescens GRAY, Ann. of Philos., n. ser., ix, p. 414. cf.
REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 3, f. 10. PFR., Monogr., ii, 251; iii,
488; iv, 603; vi, 218. KUSTER, Conch. Cab., pi. 11, f. 3, 4.
DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 157, pi. 124, f. 1, 2. BOURGUIGNAT,
Moll, de 1'Afr. Equat,, p. 78. BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. D.
Malak. Ges., xxii, 1890, p. 87.

The salient features of this species, as stated by Bruguiere

uniform fallow color, absence of spiral striae, and roseate

columellar margin have not yet led to its identification with

48 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

certainty or unanimity by conchologists. The species called
fidva by Reeve and Deshayes seems to be near A. pantkera,
and does not agree with the description of fulva in either
external coloring or that of the columella. Pfeiffer consid-
ered fidva to be Reeve's acuta, but that form is open to the
same objections. What it is Boettger reports from Nossi-Be
is not known, as he gives no description, merely stating that
the common Achatina of Nossi-Be is identical with fulva of
the British Museum. This form has been called panthera by
Crosse (Journ. de Conchy!., xxix, 1881, p. 196, referring to
Ferussac, pi. 126, f. 1, 2, as an illustration). See A. macu-
lata Desh.

The name fulvescens is merely a variation of fulva, and
defined by reference to Bruguiere only.

43. A. MACULATA Deshayes. PI. 44, fig. 2.

Shell ovate-oblong, ventricose, obsoletely striate; apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 8, the last fulvous-brown, ornamented with
large brown spots or longitudinal streaks, the upper ones
whitish with brown flames. Aperture shorter than the spire ;
columella twisted, white; lip white within, with a brown
internal margin.

It is distinguished from the rest of the large species at
first sight by the more elongated shape, less swollen, the
aperture especially being shorter, the whorls of the spire
longer and more convex; the summit more pointed; and,
moreover, it has a special coloration. Covered with an epi-
dermis, it is greenish-brown, interrupted by irregularly-
spaced longitudinal white and deep brown stripes. Towards
the summit the above-mentioned ground-color alternates with
more numerous white stripes, and it changes gradually to
brown flames, which diminish gradually and disappear, leav-
ing the summit white. Whorls 9, convex, rounded, smooth
or presenting some obsolete longitudinal striae. The aperture
is shorter than the spire. It is dilated, entirely white within,
the right margin very thin, acute, and of the same color as
the exterior. The columella is entirely white, strongly sin-
uous in the middle. The truncation of the base is not very

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 49

deep. The colmnella is shorter than the anterior part of the
right margin. Length 135 mm. Habitat unknown.

Acliatina maculata DESHAYES, Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 12, no.
10 (1830). A. fulva DESII. in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 157, pi. 124,
f. 1, 2. ? A. fiilica var., CROSSE & FISCHER, in Graudidier's
Histoire Phys. Nat. et Polit. de Madagascar, xxv, Moll., pi.
21, f. I-.

The original account is given above. Deshayes, following
Pfeiffer, subsequently referred his species to A. fulva (q. v.} ;
but it does not agree with Bruguiere's account of that species,
and cannot be identical with it. Reeve's A. acuta seems to
be the same as maculata.

44. A. LETOURNEUXI Bourguignat.

Shell much elongated, a little tumid, rather heavy, opaque,
glossy, the upper whorls buff, then becoming roseate, the
median whorls whitish, the last olivaceous-buff; ornamented
with reddish-chestnut flames (except on the upper whorls),
on the last whorl obscure rufous-subolivaceous. Smooth at
the apex, the rest of the whorls increasingly striate and pli-
cate, the last one lamellose, especially at the sutures; finally
the median whorls are very sharply decussated with very
minute sulci. Spire produced, elongate, acuminate, the apex
rather obtuse. Whorls 9, a little convex, regularly increas-
ing, the lower ones separated by a sulcate suture. Last
whorl oblong-convex, relatively of moderate size, less than
half the total length. Aperture nearly vertical, oval, pearly
whitish inside, the outer margin arcuate-convex. Colmnella
arcuate, tapering below and moderately truncated. Peri-
stome acute, pale reddish-chestnut in the outer margin.
Length 118, diam. 50, aperture 53x30 mm. (Bgt.).

Zanzibar : environs of Nasimoya.

A. letourneuxi BGT., Descr. divers esp. de Moll, de 1'Egypte,
Abyss., Zanzibar, etc., p. 8 (1879).

According to Bourguignat, A. letourneuxi approaches A.
pantliera, but is slimmer throughout, larger, less ventricose;
its aperture is relatively smaller; the columella is longer,
more arcuate, less robust and tapers more towards the base,
etc. The species has not been figured.

50 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

45. A. IMMACULATA Lamarck. PI. 11, fig. 35.

Shell very large, ovate-oblong, ventricose, longitudinally
sulcate-rugose ; fulvous, the apex whitish. Aperture longer
tliiin Hie spire, columella rose-tinted; lip white within, its
inner margin brown. Habitat, .... my cabinet. A large
and beautiful shell, which seems different from the Bulimus
fulr its of Bruguiere. It is nearly 6 inches long (Lam.).

Southeast Africa: Cape Delagoa (Layard) ; Natal
(Krauss) ; between Lydenberg, Transvaal, and Delagoa Bay
(Dr. Wihns) ; Inhambane, on the ground (Gibbons) ; Nyasa-
land (Smith).

A. immaculata LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 128, no. 3
(1822). DESH., Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 9; in Fer., Hist., p.
158, pi. 127. PPR., Monogr., i, p. 251; iii, p. 432; iv, 600;
vi, 211. KRAUSS, Die Siidaf. Moll., p. 81. GIBBONS, Journ.
of Conch., ii, p. 143. SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1890,
vi, p. 393; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, 589; Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., iii, p. 309, figs, i, n (epiphragm). STURANY,
Catalog., p. 55. MARTENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde,
1900, p. 119.

Lamarck's description is given above, and Ferussac's fig-
ure, copied on pi. 11, fig. 35, is from the size, etc., apparently
from Lamarck's type. The specimens before me (pi. 43, figs.
1, 2) are all smaller, with the columella more concave and
the aperture notably shorter. They are rather smooth, the
spirals being mostly obsolete on the last whorl except just
below the suture, where the concave surface is scored by one
or several spiral furrows. The general surface is smoother
1h;m Lamarck's description seems to indicate. The color is
rich chestnut, with numerous pale or whitish streaks, the lip
liiiviiiL-; a rather wide brown and pink internal border, colu-
mella and parietal wall rose-color. Other specimens (fig. 2)
are striped brown and whitish, lip-border almost absent, the
coliiini'lla and callous flesh-tinted.

These specimens show but slight traces of the spotting,
which is indicated mimilcly on the back of Ferussac's figure,
and enlminales in var. layardi Pfr.

115, diam. 62, aperture 65 mm.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 51

Length 120, diam. 65, aperture 66 mm.

This species differs from A. pant}) era in the coloration, in
being thinner and more inflated, etc.

In recording it from Nyasaland, Mr. Smith remarks:
"None of the specimens hitherto examined are quite like
Ferussac's figure, in which the aperture is unusually long.
The spire also is less conical than in specimens from Cape
Delagoa in the British Museum or in the specimens from
Nyasaland. The latter have a columella bluish-white in-
stead of pinkish, and are of a darker color, but otherwise
fairly normal. A. layardi Pfeiffer is a variety of this species,
rather more profusely spotted than the type."

45a. Var. LAYAKDI Pfeiffer. PI. 12, fig. 39.

Shell subfusiform-ovate, thin, longitudinally plicatulate,
ornamented with lead-brown and reddish streaks and some
close brown spots often pale-bordered. Spire conic, rather
obtuse ; suture lightly margined, subcrenate. Whorls nearly
8, a little convex, the upper lightly decussate, the last longer
than the spire, ventricose, tapering downwards. Columella
lightly arcuate, somewhat twisted, widely truncate, purple.
Aperture slightly oblique, angulate-oval, bluish-pearly in-
side; peristome simple, the margins joined by a purplish
callous, the right margin red-bordered inside. Length 139,
diam. 66, aperture 83x36 mm. (Pfr.) .

East Africa: Oiba (Layard) ; on the Lindi river, in south-
ern part of German East Africa (Marie).

A. layardi PFR., Malac. BL, v, 1858, p. 238; P. Z. S.,
1859, p. 27, pi. 43, f. 5; Novit. Conch., p. 153, pi. 40, f. 1,
2; Monogr., vi, p. 211. A. lagardi Pfr., ANCEY, Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, ii, p. 140.

The original figure shows a much more concave columella
than that subsequently published by Pfeiffer in the Novi-
tates.

46. A. ZANZIBARICA Bourguignat.

Shell oblong-tumid, swollen in the middle, tapering to-
wards the ends, not very heavy, in places obscurely subtrans-

52 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

lucid, glossy, the upper whorls roseate, the lower three cov-
ered with a yellow epidermis, quite fugacious and readily
peeling off, darker on the last whorl, streaked towards the
apex, elegantly ornamented with fulvous flammules, the
median whorls zigzag-flammulate with black-chestnut, con-
fluent flames; the last whorl near the aperture chestnut-
olivaceous-flammulate. Early whorls smooth, median ones
strongly costate, the riblets decussate on the antepenult, and
penult, whorls; the last whorl coarsely plicate, plicae obtuse,
vanishing or blunted in places, and elegantly plicate around
the suture. Spire regularly acuminate, relatively but little
produced, the apex roseate, obtuse, submamillate. Whorls
8, convex, regularly increasing. Last whorl oblong, ample,
more than half the total alt. Aperture slightly oblique,
acuminate-oblong, intense blue inside. Columella bluish,
nearly straight, slightly twisted, the base abruptly truncate ;
parietal callous thin, subdiaphanous and bluish. Length
117, diam. 57, length of aperture 65, width 30 mm. (Bgt.).

Zanzibar: environs of Nasimoya (Letourneux). Baga-
moyo (Stuhlmann) ; Buloa near Tanga (Eismann) ; Ussam-
bara near Nguelo (Rolle) ; Massai Steppe (Langheld), etc.,
in German East Africa.

A. zanzibarica BGT., Descript. d. divers esp. Moll, de
1'Egypte, etc., p. 5 (1879). MARTENS, Beschalte AVeich-
thiere, p. 86. Achatina usambarensis ROLLE, Nachrbl. d. D.
Malak. Ges., 1895, p. 100 (quoted A. usambarica by Martens).

The rather strong sculpture, closely crowded fold-striae
and more or less spaced, not very numerous spiral grooves,
the reddish color of the upper whorls, and the rather fusi-
form shape, the greatest breadth in the middle of the last
whorl, not dilated sack-like below, are characteristic of this
species. The chestnut-brown streaks on a yellow ground are
broad though unequal, and often connected by transverse
bridges, seldom forked above or decidedly zigzag. The
columellar margin is whitish, the interior of the mouth re-
markably bluish, with dark stripes showing through (Mart.).

In A. schweinfurthi the greatest width of the shell is more
basal in position.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 53

46a. Var. LHOTELLERII Bourguignat.

A species of the same shape as zanzibarica and with nearly
the same set of characters, differing however as follows:
(1) In being smaller throughout, length 97, diam. 49, aper-
ture 56x24 mm. (2) By the less ventricose form, (3) the
less convex whorls, (4) the shorter, more acuminate spire,
(5) tke penultimate whorl is more oval-elongate, as well as
the last whorl less swollen. (6) The aperture is relatively
longer, less wide, of a whitish color inside, with corneous or
bluish shades here and there. (7) The outer margin is less
convex, especially below, giving the aperture an appearance
of being more contracted below. (8) The flammules are
more regular, not confluent on the last whorl as they are in
zanzibarica. (9) The columella. is less abruptly truncate at
the base (Bgt.) .

Zanzibar: Nasimoya (Bgt.) ; also on the mainland, coll.
by Conradt, and Mswa, Oukouere (Ancey).

A. Ihotcllerii Bgt., Descript. div. Moll, de 1'Egypte, etc.,
p. 7 (1879). ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., 1902, p. 273, 274,
fig. 1. A. zanzibarica var. Ihotellcrii MARTENS, t. c., p. 86.

47. A. HAMILLEI Petit. PI. 8, fig. 21.

Shell conic-ovate, ventricose below, painted with wavy
chestnut streaks ; spire acuminate ; whorls 7 to 8, rather
rounded, the upper more or less finely decussate, the last
rather smooth, margined at the sutures. Columella twisted,
truncate, blue-white, the lip simple. Length 90, diarn. 50
mm. (Petit}.

Mojoni, interior of the island of Zanzibar, also Tanga
(Neumann) ; between Simbamweni and Koo-im-Pori, in
Usseguha (Lieder) ; Ussambara (Kirk) ; Massai-Steppe, near
Mkurumo (Berlin Mus.) ; between Tanganyika and the Zan-
zibar coast (E. Storms) ; Nyasaland (H. H. Johnston).

A. hamillei PET., Journ. de Conchyl., vii, 1859, p. 384,
pi. 13, f. 3. PPR., Monogr., vi, p. 212. SMITH, P. Z. S.,
1881, p. 282, pi. 32, fig. 10 (variety) ; 1899, p. 590. MAR-
TENS, Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ostafr., p. 86, upper two
figures on p. 87. ANCEY, Journ. de Conch., 1902, p. 273.

54: ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

The original figure and description are given. It differs
from A. fulica chiefly by the broader contour and darker
last whorl. It is thicker and brighter colored than A. pcitrsi
(glutinosa).

The habitat of A. Jiamillei was unknown to Petit, who
thought it probably Yv T est African because the type was
found with a lot of A. maryinata. The species was first
recognized in East Africa by Mr. E. A. Smith, who gives
the following description of the specimens from Usambara :

A. hamillei Petit, var. PL 8, fig. 22.

"Shell large, ovate, acuminate above; spire whitish, striped
obliquely with brown; last whorl purplish, striped at inter-
vals and covered with an olive epidermis. Sculpture gra-
nose, consisting of coarse oblique lines of growth which are
very coarse beneath the suture, crossed by spiral impressed
lines. Whorls 8, moderately convex. Aperture inversely
subauriform, a trifle larger than the spire, bluish-white
within. Peristome thin, margined within with purplish-
brown. Columella thickened, white, not very arcuate or
contorted, somewhat abruptly truncated, united to the lip
above by a thickish white callosity."

"Length 130 millims., diam. 62; aperture 69 long, 40
wide."

Professor von Martens writes that the finest spec! men
taken by Neumann (see above) agrees very well with Smith's
figure, but is somewhat larger and shows the oblique cal-
lous on the upper part of the columellar margin much
weaker. Those taken by Lieder agree nearer with Petit 's
illustration.

48. A. CASTANEA Lamarck. PI. 15, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell ovate, ventricose, very delicately striate, glossy;
chestnut-colored, the apex whitish, sutures margined with
a white line, the lip white within. Habitat unknown. My
cabinet. The upper half of the last whorl is a beautiful
chestnut, while the lower is a lighter red. Length 2 inches
8 lines (Lam.).

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 55

East Africa: Kilima-Njaro, in the cultivated zone, very
common (G. Volkens).

A. castanea LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 130 (1822).
Helix c., FERUSSAC, Histoire Nat. Moll, terr., pi. 125, f. 5.
A. castanea Lam., MART., Beschalte Weichthiere, etc., p. 88,
lower two figures on p. 87.

Fig, 8, copied from Ferussac, apparently represents Lam-
arck's type. The species has been unknown for many years,
but is recognized by Prof, von Martens in a single speci-
men from Mt. Kilima-Njaro. This shell agrees well with
the original castanea except in being larger (pi. 15, figs.

7, 9). It is ovate, acuminate above, weakly plicate-striate
with spiral grooves, which are rather numerous on the upper
whorls, less so on the penult, and last whorls ; pale yellow
with rather wide, straight, chestnut-brown streaks, but on
the upper half of the last ivhorl uniform chestnut, the lower
half lighter yellowish, the colors sharply denned from one
another. Interior of the mouth violet-bluish; columellar
margin approaching vertical, white, with narrow truncation.
Length 97, diam. 50.5, aperture 53 mm. long.

49. A. FULICA Ferussac. Plates 36 and 37.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin but rather strong, yellowish, move
or less profusely streaked with reddish-brown, the ground
becoming white and the markings bolder on the spire, early
whorls whitish. Surface glossy, with slight growth-wrinkles
but no spiral strict? on the last whorl, the median whorls
finely and often obsoletely decussate. Whorls usually 7 to

8, convex, especially the last one. Aperture about half the
total length in adult shells, whitish or lilac-tinted within.
Columella slightly concave, sigmoid, truncate below, and with
the parietal callous, white.

Length 94, diam. 45, aperture 48 mm. (Calcutta).
Length 100, diam. 45, aperture 50 mm. (Mauritius).
Length 86, diam. 44, aperture 43 mm. (Mauritius).
Length 108, diam. 51, aperture 54 mm. (Mauritius).
Length 123, diam. 60, aperture 63 mm. (Madagascar).
Zanzibar, common and generally diffused (Gibbons, Ilil-

56 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

debrandt) ; Madagascar and Nossi-Comba (Crosse) ; Mauri-
tius (type loc.) ; Bourbon; Seychelles; Comoro Is. Intro-
duced in Calcutta by Benson, 1847, from Mauritius.

Helix (Coclilitoma) fidica FER., Prodr., p. 49, no. 347
(no description; refers with a ? to Lister, p. 578, f. 33);
Hist., pi. 124 A, f. 1. Achatina fulica DESH. in Lam., An.
s. Vert., viii, p. 297; in Fer, Hist., ii, p. 162; Catal. Moll,
de 1'ile de la Reunion (Bourbon), p. 90. PFEIFFER, Mono-
graphia Hel. Viv., ii, 254; iii, 488; iv, 603; vi, 217; viii,
275. BENSON, J. de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 266 (naturalization
in India). REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 3, f. Sb. MORELET,
Series Conch., ii, p. 70 (Madag., Bourbon, Mauritius, Como-
ros) . NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 64 (Mahe, Praslin) .-
SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 143 (anat.
of Calcutta spec.), pi. 12, f. 17, genitalia. MORELET, J. de
Conch., xxv, 1877, p. 335 (Anjouan, Comoro Is., common,
coll. Bewsher). CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxix, 1881, p.
196 (Nossi-Comba and Madagascar). GIBBONS, Quart.
Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 143 (Zanzibar). MARTENS, in
Mobius' Reise uach Mauritius, p. 197; Beschalte AVeichthiere
D. Ostafr., p. 89 (Zanzibar) ; and in V. d. DECKEN, Reisen
in Ostafrika, iii, p. 58, pi. 2, f. 1 (Seychelles). CROSSE ET
FISCHER, in Grandidier's Hist. Phys., Nat. et Polit. de Mada-
gascar, xxv, pi. 20, f. 1. PFEFFER, Jahrb. Hamburgischen
"Wissensch. Anstalten, IV, p. 24, 1889 (Zanzibar, Bagamoyo,
Stuhlmann ) .

A. mauritiana LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 129
(April, 1822). BECK, Index, p. 76. CUVIER, Regne Animal,
Moll, pi. 25, f. 1, la (after Q. & G.). QUOY ET GAIM., Voy.
de T Astrolabe, Zool., ii, p. 152-155, pi. 11, f. 10-15; pi. 49,
f. 21 (anat., Mauritian spec.).

Helix borbonica FER., Prodr, p. 49, no. 346, according to
Pf r. ; a nude name. H. zebrina FER, t. c., p. 49, no. 348;
nude name. AcJiatina couroupa LESSON, Voy. autour du
Monde La Coquille, Zool, ii, p. 318, pi. 9, f. 2 (1830).-
Achatma zebra var. macrostoma BECK, Index Moll, p. 75,
based upon Seba, Thes, iii, pi. 71, f. 4, 5 (1837). A. pan-
thera CROSSE ET FISCHER, in Grandidier, Hist. Madag, xxv,

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 57

pi. 20, f. 2. lllBulimus lineatus PERRY, Conchology, pi.
30, f. 5 (bad), 1811.

(Abnormal or pathologic forms.)

Achatina fulica var. e, umbilicata PPR., Monogr., ii, p.
254 (based upon Reeve, C. Icon., pi. 11, f. 8c). NEVILL,
Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 145 (Mauritius). Achatina
rediviva J. MABILLE, Bull, de la Soc. Philomathique de Paris
(9 ser.), iii, p. 57 (1901), Mauritius. A. fulica MARTENS, in
V. d. Decken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika, iii, p. 58, pi. 2, f. 1&, Ic
(Seychelles).

A. fulica BRANCSIK, Jahresheft des Naturwiss. Vereines
des Trencsener Comitates, xv, 1893, p. 204, pi. 6, f. 6 (geni-
talia of a scalariform spec, from Bali Bay, Madagascar) .
A. f. scalarioides NEVILL, Handlist, p. 145 (1878), Mauri-
tius ; nude name.

A. mauritiana var. sinistrorsa GRATELOUP, Actes Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, xi, 1839, p. 415, pi. 2, f. 6 (good). Madagascar.

A. fulica is characterized by the glossy surface, without
spiral stria? on the last whorl, which is quite rounded and
convex. It varies widely in markings, but the last whorl
of the adult shell is usually obscurely clouded and streaked,
while the spire is more broadly marked with irregular stripes.
Many small specimens, or those not adult, have the last
whorl boldly maculate or striped, as in fig. 18 of pi. 36, and
fig. 24 of pi. 37. PI. 36, fig. 19, represents a specimen from
the type locality, and agreeing with Ferussac's type figure.
Fig. 20 represents a large specimen from Madagascar.

From the fact that A. fulica occurs only near cultivated
lands, it has been generally believed that its distribution
in Mauritius, the Seychelles and Bourbon has been effected
by human agency; intentionally, for use as food, or other-
wise. No definite record of such introduction is extant, and
it probably belongs to the early period of settlement. It is
likely that A. fulica was originally an East African form,
though it may have been differentiated in Madagascar.

Benson took specimens from Mauritius to Calcutta in 1847,

58 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

and they still strive there; one from the Botanic Garden is
figured, pi. 37, fig. 23.

The date of the introduction of A. fulica, or as it is locally
known to the negroes, couroupa, in Mauritius is not so easily
settled. At the time of the visit of "La Coquille, " 1823 or
1824, it was already " prodigieusement commune" and used
for food by the negroes. There was a tradition that the wife
of a former governor of the island, suffering from consump-
tion, had been prescribed a bouillon of couroupa, as snail
broth was at that time prescribed in France ; to supply which
a number of the snails had been brought from Madagascar.
This is probably to be regarded as one of the ways in which
the species might have reached Mauritius.

In Mauritius and the Seychelles specimens have been
found with an open umbilicus, rugose within; the body-
whorl very much shortened, and the columella sinuous but
not truncate below (pi. 37, fig. 22). The shell is quite
heavy. The first three or four whorls are normal or nearly
so. In a specimen described by von Martens the abnormal
condition was thought to be traceable to a fracture in the
fifth whorl, but in two shells before me no such fracture
is visible. I am disposed to think the pathologic condition
may be due to a disease of the left lobe of the mantle,
possibly owing to some specific parasite of A. fulica. It is
strange that a similar condition has been observed in no
other species of Achatina. The names umbilicata Pfr. and
rediviva Mabille were based upon umbilicate specimens.

49a. Var. COLOBA Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 37, fig. 21.

Similar to fulica in shape and texture, but differing in the
extremely small size. Yellowish, copiously streaked with red-
brown, the streaks unequal, narrow and straight on the last
whorl, wider on the penult. ; whorls 7, the last three puck-
ered below the sutures. Length 58, diam. 30.5, aperture
29 mm.

Based upon two adult shells, 54 and 58 mm. long, and
a young specimen.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 59

50. A. ERLANGERI Mollendorff & Kobelt,

Shell imperforate, conoidally swollen-oblong, very solid,
heavy, indistinctly plicate-striatulate, nearly smooth, rather
glossy, white. Spire almost exactly conic, the apex rather
acute, glossy, hyaline. Whorls T 1 /^, a little convex, the last
large, much longer than the spire, quite convex. Aperture
nearly vertical, subauriform, the base somewhat effuse;
peristome unexpanded, obtuse; columella rather twisted, ob-
liquely strongly truncate. Length 122.5, diam. 68, aperture
65.5 mm. long, 41 wide (M. & K.}.

Northeast Africa : Gallaland on the Wabbi river and
Ganale, Somaliland (C. v. Erlanger) .

Achatina erlangeri M. & K., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deutschen
Malak. Gesell., xxxiv, p. 180 (Oct., 1902).

Related, apparently, to A. clirysoleuca, but more solid,
with a proportionally smaller aperture.

51. A. CHRYSOLEUCA Pilsbry. PI. 16, fig. 13.

Shell ovate, with conic spire, in general contour resem-
bling A. hamillei, A. petersi, etc. ; moderately solid and
strong, though not very thick. White, with a thin golden-
brown cuticle, which is deciduous over the greater part of
the shell, remaining behind the aperture and in the depres-
sions between longitudinal plications elsewhere; later 1V 2
whorls immaculate, the next earlier with spaced, somewhat
zigzag and rather broad brown streaks, the next earlier
narrowly streaked, the streaks straight, these streaked whorls
being soiled white. Whorls 6y 2 (the apex truncated, per-
haps 1 or iy 2 whorls being thereby lost), moderately con-
vex, the last quite convex. Surface shining, the antepenult-
imate whorl finely decussate, this sculpture hardly visible
to the naked eye, and gradually becoming obsolete, the spirals
lost or very weak on the later iy 2 whorls, which are some-
what coarsely, irregularly plicatulate above, obsoletely so
below. Sutures even above, weakly and irregularly serrate
below. Aperture exceeding half the length of the shell,
pure white within, subvertical, acuminate above; outer lip
rather regularly arcuate, but less curved above than below,

60 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

thin and acute. Columella short, eylindric, very deeply con-
cave on the front and the side towards the aperture, abruptly
truncated at base, delicate flesh- tinted ; parietal wall with
a thin, transparent varnish. Length 105, diam. 58 mm.;
longest axis of aperture 60, greatest width of cavity 33 mm.

British East Africa: Tulu Didirko, in about lat. 4 4'
N., Ion. 39 36' E.)., at 3,580 ft. alt. (Dr. A. Donaldson
Smith, March 27, 1895). Type 68,113, A. N. S. P.

Achatina clirysoleuca PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1897,
p. 357 (Nov. 23, 1897).

An ivory-white shell, inconspicuously marked on the spire,
the golden cuticle largely lost from the type specimen,
which was collected alive. There is a little prominence at the
periphery, and there are some oblique flattened places above
it on the last whorl. The columella is very short and sin-
uous. A. petersi is a thinner shell than chrysoleuca, differ-
ently colored, with finer vertical sculpture and far more
spiral grooving on the last whorl.

Dr. Smith collected also a dead, half-grown shell, appar-
ently referable to chrysoleuca, at Magois, British East
Africa. The type locality is east from Lake Stefanie.

52. A. RODATZI Dunker. PI. 45, fig. 3.

Shell elongate, ovate-conic, rather thick, milk-white, cov-
ered with a very thin olivaceous-tawny epidermis. Spire
conic, nude above, the apex rather acute, the suture light,
submarginate, slightly crenulate. Whorls Sy 2 , a little con-
vex, longitudinally obsoletely plicate, granose- decussate
above, the following whorls more openly reticulate, the
last nearly smooth, about as long as the spire. Columella
white, slightly arcuate, obliquely and narrowly truncate
above the base of the aperture. Aperture subvertical, acu-
minate-oval, milk-white within; the parietal callous white,
spreading inward. Length 134, diam. 60, aperture 72 x 34
mm. (Pfr., from type).

Island of Zanzibar (Rodatz, Gibbons). Bagomoyo; on
the way from Kikoha to Rosako, in Usaramo, and near Msere
on the Wami shore (Stuhlmann).

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 61

A. rodatzi DKR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 127. PFR.,
Novit. Conch., i, p. 97, pi. 27; Monogr., iii, p. 483. GIB-
BONS, Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 143. PFEIFFER, Jahrb. d.
Hamburger wiss. Anstalten, iv, 1889, p. 24. MARTENS,
Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ostafr., p. 85.

Distinguished by its rather long form, white shell sub-
stance 'and white mouth.

53. A. SCHWEINFURTHI Martens. PI. 7, fig. 15.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, lightly striatulate, obsoletely de-
cussate; buff, painted with reddish-chestnut lightning-
stripes, narrowing above, widening downwards, almost con-
fluent on the last whorl. Spire long, tapering, the apex a
little obtuse; suture marginate, lightly plicatulate. Whorls
8, a little convex, the last moderately attenuate above.
Aperture a little longer than the spire, oval, acute above;
columella white, arcuate, obliquely truncate; peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded. Length 132, diam. 76, aperture 71 x 39
mm. (v. M.).

East Africa : Njamnjam-Land, on the mountain Baginse,
5 degrees north latitude (G. Schweinfurth) ; primitive for-
est on the northwest spur of Runssoro, between Karevia
and Kiviriri, and in the Andetei district west of the Issango
river (Stuhlmanu).

A. schweinfurthi MARTENS, Malak. Bl., xxi, 1873, p. 40;
Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ostafr., p. 85. PFR., Novit. Conch.,
iv, p. 141, pi. 132, f. 1, 2; Monogr., viii, p. 272. JICKELI,
Moll. Nordost-Afrikas, p. 150, pi. 6, f. 1 (good!).

The specimens from Runssoro are somewhat larger than
that obtained by Schweinfurth, length 132, diam. 76, aper-
ture 71 mm. Dr. Stuhlmann noticed green mites on them
and in the lung cavity.

Group of A. glutinosa.

54. A. GLUTINOSA Pfeiffer. PI. 9, figs. 23, 24.

Shell ovate-conic, rather thin, longitudinally striate,
nearly uniform brown. Spire conic, attenuate above, the

62 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

apex a little obtuse. Whorls 7%, the median ones some-
what decussated with spiral lines, submarginate and deeply
striate at the sutures, the last whorl a little longer than
the spire, smoothish, with a gummy gloss. Columella pli-
cate-twisted, abruptly truncate basally. Aperture oblique,
nearly oval, lilac within, pearly; peristome simple, brown-
edged, the basal margin arcuate. Length 98, diam. 45,
aperture 55x28 mm. (Pfr.).

East Africa: Zomba (Johnston); Tette, Mozambique
(Peters).

A. glutinosa PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 86; Monogr., hi, p.
485; Conchyl. Cab., p. 360, pi. 44, f. 1. E. A. SMITH,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 589 (including petersi
Mart.). A. petersi MARTENS, Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p. 214.-
PFR., Monogr., vi, 213; Novit. Conch., iii, p. 452, pi. 99, f.
13-15.

A thin, dark colored, glossy species, with spaced spiral
sulci on the last whorl. Fig. 23 is a copy of one of Pfeif-
fer's figures of A. glutinosa, fig. 24 of A. petersi. Neither
of these figures sufficiently represent the spiral grooves on
the last whorl.

Mr. E. A. Smith writes as follows: "I am unable to find
any distinguishing characters between this species, said to
have been originally obtained in West Africa, and A. petersi
from Mozambique ; and I am of the opinion that the locality
'W. Africa' is one of the many errors of this kind occur-
ring in Mr. Cuming's collection. The species is remarkably
constant in coloration, but varies somewhat in ventricosity.
The type is 97 millim. in length and 49 in diameter, whereas
a more ventricose specimen is the same length but 6 millim.
broader, a smaller but adult example from Zomba (88 millim.
long and 45 wide) is rather more solid than the typical
form."

The wider form, petersi Mart. (pi. 9, fig. 24), was de-
scribed as follows: Shell ovate-conic, thin, perpendicularly
lightly wrinkled and traversed by a few spiral impressed
lines; nearly uniform fulvous-brown with chestnut variceal
streaks, and with a varnish-like gloss. Spire conic, atten-

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 63

uate above ; whorls 7, a little convex, the suture of the upper
ones simple, in the last whorl granulose by the decussation
of wrinkles by impressed lines. Columella deeply twisted,
abruptly truncate below, bluish-white. Aperture slightly
oblique, oval, lilac within; peristome simple, acute, the basal
margin arcuate. Length 95, diam. 53, aperture 54 x 30 mm.
(Mart:}.

A. glutinosa var. petersi is almost exactly like some
forms of Burtoa nilotica (Vol. XVI, p. 300) in color, sculp-
ture and texture, but the spire is more conic and more slen-
der above, and the columella differs. It is possible, however,
that Burtoa arose from the same Achatinoid stock as A.
glutinosa.

55. A. PINTOI (Bourguignat). PI. 41, fig. 8.

Shell ovoid-ovate, ventricose, fragile, pellucid, striatulate
except the upper whorls, the last elegantly decussate with
spiral lines; uniform pale chestnut, obscurely ornamented
with darker interrupted or somewhat fulgurate flammules,
whitish towards the summit. Spire rather short, obtusely
acuminate. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing to the
last, separated by a relatively deep suture, the last whorl
large, much more than half the length, ventricose, slowly
descending at the insertion. Aperture slightly oblique, ob-
long-ovate, angular above, well rounded below. Peristome
unexpanded, acute; columellar margin somewhat curved,
rather short, not reaching to the base and abruptly trun-
cated, parietal callous very thin. Length 49, diam. 33, aper-
ture 32x19 mm. (Bgt.).

Environs of Ugerengere, valley of the Kyngani on the
Ukani.

Serpcca pintoi BGT., Moll, de 1'Afrique equatoriale, p. 86,
pi. 4, f. 4.

56. A. FRAGILIS E. A. Smith. PI. 9, figs. 25, 26.

Shell ovate, acuminate above, very thin, subpellucid, yel-
lowish-olivaceous, unicolored or streaked with reddish. Spire
short, conic, miner obtuse at the apex. Whorls 6 to 7,

64 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

convex, the upper three pale, smooth, the two following gra-
nose sculptured with growth-lines decussated by spiral striae;
last whorl large, inflated, scarcely granulose below the middle,
ornamented with strong, oblique, curved growth-lines. Aper-
ture inversely auriform, sky-blue, glossy. Columella slightly
arcuate, thin, covered with a very thin callous, narrowly
truncate in front ; lip very thin, black-margined. Length
75, diam. 43, aperture 47x26 mm. (Smith).

British Central Africa: Nyika Plateau, 6,000-7,000 ft.
elev. (Sir Harry Johnston). M'bwe and Ufipa country
(Mgr. Lechaptois).

A. fragiUs SMITH, P. Z. S., 1899, p. 591, pi. 25, f. 3, 4.-
ANCEY, Journ. de Conch., 1902, p. 278, fig. 6.

"This species is remarkable on account of its extreme
thinness and lightness. Some specimens are uniformly yel-
lowish-olive, with here and there a darker stripe, marking
a period of growth, whilst others, having the same ground-
color, are ornamented with numerous oblique and slightly
wavy red stripes. These either extend the whole length of
the body-whorl, or occasionally disappear upon the lower
half. The somewhat coarse regular granulation ceases at a
little above the middle, but a few transverse striae, not suffi-
cient to form a regular granulation of the surface, are
traceable below" (Smith).

Group of A. craveni.
57. A. GLAUCINA 'Ancey' Smith. PI. 8, figs. 19, 20.

Shell ovate-fusiform, yellowish or reddish, unicolored or
sometimes obscurely painted on the' upper part of the spire
with oblique, wavy rufous streaks. Spire conic, obtuse at
the apex, the sides a little convex. Whorls 8, slowly in-
creasing, a little convex, the upper ones very smooth, the
rest granulated, the granulation more or less obsolete below
the middle of the last whorl. Aperture glaucous or blue-
whitish, scarcely half the total length in adult shells, in-
versely ear-shaped, columella white, lightly twisted, narrowly
and obliquely truncate. Length 66, diam. 29, aperture 30 x
16 mm. (Smith).

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 65

East Africa: Zomba (Johnston).

A. glaucina Ancey, MSS., E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. Lond.,
1899, p. 590, pi. 34, f. 2, 3.

"A smaller species than A. johnstom, with a less tapering
and shorter spire, narrower whorls, and rather finer gran-
ulation. The color varies from uniform greenish-yellow to
rich brbwn, but some specimens, chiefly of the latter variety,
exhibit reddish striping upon the spire. This kind of orna-
mentation, however, does not appear to extend to the last
volution ' ' ( Smith ) .

58. A. JOHNSTONI E. A. Smith. PL 12, figs. 40, 41.

Shell ovate-fusiform, yellow, uniform or painted with
wavy or zigzag stripes of deep reddish-chestnut. Spire
lengthened, obtuse at the apex. Whorls 9, the upper three
smooth, a little convex, the rest convex, roughly granu-
lated with strong, oblique growth-lines and numerous spiral
stria?, the granules almost disappearing below the middle of
the last whorl. Aperture small, inversely auriform, blue-
white, showing the stripes through. Columella lightly arcu-
ate or rather straight, white at the edge below, obliquely
truncate. Length 79, diam. 40, aperture 35 x 19 mm,
(Smith).

Nyasaland (Sir Harry Johnston).

A. johnstoni SM., P. Z. S. Lond., 1899, p. 590, pi. 34, f.
4, 5.

'The principal distinguishing features of this fine species
are the prolonged spire, the general form and coarse granu-
lation. As in some other species, two varieties of coloration
occur in the present form. Some are white, clothed with a
glossy yellowish epidermis, here and there varied with darker
oblique stripes, indicating periods of growth. Other ex-
amples, however, are adorned with more or less oblique, dark
reddish-brown, wavy or zigzag-like stripes, which are slen-
der above, becoming broader below. Those on the body-
whorl coalesce inferiorly and form a rich brown patch at
the base or anterior end. The coarse granulation practically
ceases at the periphery, the spiral strige becoming less pro'
nounced below" (Smith}.

()() ACUATINA, EAST AFRICA.

5 ( J. A. rnAVENi E. A. Smith. PI. 7, figs. 16, 17. 18.

"Shell elongate ovate, somewhat acuminate above, beneath
a yellowish epidermis white, ornamented with suberect,
slightly wavy, brown stripes. "Whorls 8-9, rather convex,
rather coarsely granosely sculptured; suture between upper
whorls horizontal, between two last more oblique; last whorl
descending, smoother upon the lower part. Aperture sub-
pyriform, bluish- white, occupying less than half the shell.
Columella not much arcuated, whitish, rather abruptly trun-
cated, connected with the upper extremity of the outer lip
by a thin callosity. Length 81 rnillims., diam. 37 ; aperture
39 long, 20 wide" (Smith).

Between Zanzibar and Lake Tanganyika (Kirk), and on
Tanganyika (Bohm et al.) ; Ufipa and M'bwe countries,
south of Tanganyika (Lechaptois) . Matangisi in Ugogo
(Emin Pasha) ; Massai-steppe, northeast from Ussandami
(Langfeld) ; Nyika plateau, 6,000-7,000 ft., and Malosa,
Nyasaland, 6,000 ft. (Johnston) ; Tumbatu, a small island
near Zanzibar (Stuhlmann).

A. kirkii SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1880, vi, p. 428
'(December, 1880). Not A. kirkii Craven, 1880, a species of
Pxrurtoglessula. A. craveni SM., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1881, p. 283, pi. 33, f. 11; P. Z. S., 1899, p. 590, pi. 35, f.
1, 2. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy!., xxix, 1881, p. 298.-
MABTENS, Sitzungsber d. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1891, p. 14;
Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 91. ANCEY, Journ. de Conch.,
1902, p. 277, fig. 5.

"The granose surface of this species is the result of the
coarse raised lines of growth being crossed by transverse
impressed striae, which being somewhat remote from one an-
other cause the granules to assume a rather elongate form.
Mr. Alfred E. Craven informs me that the distinguished
name of Dr. Kirk has already last year been associated with
a species of this genus. Such being the case, I am com-
pelled to alter the designation originally applied to this
species; and therefore I have much pleasure in substituting
that of A. craveni' (Swilli).

The specimens from Ny:is;iland "are rather more coarsely

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. '<7

sculptured than the type, and some have the stripes more
zigzag than as represented in the cited figure. On the con-
trary, other specimens are uniformly greenish-yellow, with-
out any striping at all" (pi. 7, figs. 16, 17).

60. A. FULMINATRIX Martens. PL 15, figs. 5, 6.

Similar to A. cnivcni, but decidedly more slender, the
stripes also narrow, numerous and rather vertical on the
upper whorls but on the lower most of them take a very
oblique direction from above and right (of the observer)
downwards and to the left. Cuticle pale yellow, readily
deciduous. Length 59, diam. 28.5, length of mouth 31 mm.

Tanganyika, with A. craveni (Boehm and Reichard) ; near
Jipe lake (Dr. Volkens) ; Kauli, Ussagara (Ancey).

A. fulminatrix MART., Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde zu
Berlin, 1895, p. 146 ; Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ostaf r., 1897,
p. 91, pi. 5, f. 32, 38. ANCEY, Journ. de Conch., 1902, p.
276, fig. 3.

As eggs were found in one of the specimens they may be
assumed to be nearly full-grown. The eggs are 6 mm. long,
nearly 5 wide, and of the usual pale yellow color of Acha-
tina eggs. Description and figures are from von Martens.

61. A. ARCTESPIRATA Bourguignat. PI. 14, fig. 2.

Shell obese-swollen, ventricose in the middle, rather
opaque, somewhat glossy, uniform 'pale buff, lightly light-
ning-streaked with reddish-chestnut flammules; chalky- white
under the cuticle. Spire acuminate-pyramidal, obtuse at the
summit, the apex large, obtuse, somewhat mammillate.
Whorls 8, a little convex, closely coiled, parted by a rather
deep suture; the last whorl large, more than half the total
alt., oblong-convex, tapering downwards. Aperture slightly
oblique, elongate, rather narrow, very angular above, rela-
tively narrow below. Columella short, straight, abruptly
truncate. Peristome unexpanded, acute; callous thin, diaph-
anous. Length 57, diam. 32, aperture 31x16 mm. (Bgt.).

Around the southern end of Tanganyika (Bgt.).

A. arctcspirata BGT., Moll, de 1'Af. Equat, p. 83, pi. 5,
f. 7 (1889).

68 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

Bourguignat writes as follows : " In this species the flam-
mules of the last whorl do not run zigzag to the base, but
at the periphery suddenly assume a spirally forward de-
scending direction. It is the only Achatina in which I have
observed this pattern of nammules. A. arctespirata is re-
markable for the spire, which though with a large, obtuse
summit is pyramidal-acuminate, the whole having a short,
squat appearance. The spiral increase is very slow, the last
whorl notably tapering downwards, making it appear more
swollen in the middle.

'This species is very abundant throughout the southern
region of Tanganyika, but it is very rarely found in good
condition on account of the fires set by the natives, which
make the shell a uniform dull white by destruction of the
epidermis. ' '

This species may prove to belong to the South African
group Cochlitoma.

62. A. SPEKEI Dohrn.

Shell oblong, rather solid, very obsoletely granulate above,
whitish under a corneous epidermis, irregularly streaked
with fulvous. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse, suture
submarginate. Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex, the last three-
sevenths the total length. Columella obliquely truncate, arcuate,
covered with a thin callous. Aperture oblong-ovate (Dohrn).

Lake Victoria Nyanza (Speke).

A. spekei DOHRN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 117.
PFR., Monogr., vi, 220.

Differs from A. ustulata Lam., according to Dohrn, by
the more slender spire, slimmer at the apex, the more convex
early whorls and more arcuate columella. No dimensions have
been given. It must resemble Pfeiffer's var. fc of A. allin.

63. A. STUHLMANNI Martens. PL 34, fig. 13.

Long-fusiform, thin, Avith unequal wrinkle-striae and on
tlic upper whorls with spiral strise, which entirely disappear
on the last whorl. Greenish-brown, with a few blackish
si leaks. Suture oblique, crenate, without margining line.

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 69

Whorls 8, scarcely at all convex, the last strongly descending
to the aperture. Aperture nearly vertical, rounded-quad-
rate, somewhat less than half the shell's length, pale bluish
within. Columellar margin rather vertical, weakly thick-
ened, blue-white, broadly truncate below. Length 118, diam.
52, aperture 58x32 mm. (Mart.).

West of the upper Ituri river at Kibilibissi, in forest
(Stuhlmann).

A. stuhlmanni MARTS., Sitzungsber. d. Ges. naturf.
Freunde, 1892, p. 176; Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ostafr.,
p. 92, pi. 4, f. 9.

64. A. RANDABELI Bourguignart. PL 13, fig. 42.

Shell oblong, moderately swollen, exactly glandinifonn,
rather thin, subpellucid, rather glossy, sharply decussate
( the upper whorls and lower half of the last smooth) ; some-
what olivaceous-chestnut, irregularly scattered with reddish
fiammules, lightly fulgurate and interrupted. Spire obtuse
acuminate, at the summit obtuse, the apex rounded. Whorls
8, a little convex, rather slowly increasing, separated by an
impressed suture ; the last whorl oblong, rather swollen, more
than half the total length. Aperture long-oblong, acutely
angular above. Peristome unexpanded, acute. Columella
straight, abruptly truncate. Callous inconspicuous. Length
55, diam. 28, aperture 31x15 mm. (Bgt.).

Neighborhood of Tabora, Unyanyembe.

A. randebeli BGT., Moll, de 1'Afrique Equatoriale, p. 84,
pi. 5, f. 6 (1889). MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 92.

65. A. THOMSONI E. A. Smith. PL 11, fig. 34.

"Shell moderately solid, elongate ovate, beneath a yellow
epidermis whitish, striped with blackish-brown. Spire some-
times purplish-red or whitish, more or less worn, and in
consequence, to a certain extent, lacking the striping; the
latter is, as a rule, rather regular and only a little wavy.
Whorls 7, a Little convex, striated by the lines of growth,
covered by a thin yellow epidermis, which is beautifully
sculptured with most minute stria? in a crisscross fashion,

70 ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA.

producing the woven appearance of a fabric ; last whorl
elongate, narrow, gradually descending. Aperture pyriforrn,
bluish-white. Columella arcuate, thickened, not very ab-
ruptly truncated at the base, united to the lip by a thin
callosity. Length 75 millims., diam. 32; aperture 38 long,
21 wide" (Smith).

Between Lake Nyassa and the east coast (Thomson) ; Luk-
wangulo Ml.. 2.500 meters elev., central Uluguru (Nguru)
(Dr. Stuhlmann) .

A. tlt(i>ns<nii SM V Ann. and Mag. N. II., 1880, vi, p. 428;
P. Z. S., 1881, p. 283, pi. 33, f. 12. MARTENS, Beschalte
Weichthiere D. Ostafr., p. 92.

"This species is remarkable for its narroAv ovate form
and the peculiar woven appearance of its epidermis. The
proportion of the length of the aperture to that of the entire
shell varies; in some specimens it occupies rather more than
half the total length, and in others somewhat less. The
deep-brown stripes edged with brown, as a rule, occupy
more of the surface than the yellow spaces between, and
although somewhat wavy (upon the last whorl especially),
do not take a large zigzag pattern. Most specimens are
more or less streaked with opaque golden lines in the direc-
tion of the lines of increment, which Avhen falling upon the
dark stripes tell very vividly" (Smith).

66. A. PASSARGEI v. Martens.

Shell conoid-oblong, solid, regularly closely striatulate and
granulate; white, painted with pale brown, vertical, narrow
streaks. Spire conic, the apex acuminate, slender. Whorls
iy 2 , rather convex, regularly increasing, the suture moder-
ately impressed and somewhat crenulate; the last whorl con-
vex below. Aperture subvertical, small, piriform-ovate, the
columellar margin vertical, rather thin, white, abruptly trun-
cate; external margin lightly arcuate, basal margin narrowly
rounded. Length 61.5, diam. 30.5, aperture 29 x 17 mm.
(Mts.).

East Africa : Sodanna, in the northeastern angle of Ger-
man East Africa (Ur. Passarge, 1898).

ACHATINA, EAST AFRICA. 71

A. passargei MARTENS, Sitzungsbcr. Ges. ' naturforsch.
Freunde zu Berlin, 1900, p. 119.

Gru-up of A. pfcifferi (see p. 24).
67. A. ELLIOTT E. A. Smith. PL 14, fig. 3.

Shell elongate, narrow, whitish, covered with a glossy de-
ciduous, epidermis, buff streaked and maculate with black ;
striated with delicate growth-lines, delicately fold-like below
the suture. Whorls 9, slightly convex, slowly increasing.
Spire lengthened, obtuse at the apex. Aperture pi ri form,
blue-whitish, hardly one-third the length of the shell. Colu-
mella arcuate, truncate below; lip very thin, curved. Length
38, diam. 13.5, aperture 12x7 mm. (Smith).

At the Albert Edward Nyanza, 3,000-4,000 ft. (G. Scott
Elliot).

Acliatina ellioii SM V Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i, p. 325,
fig. 3 on p. 323 (Oct., 1895).

'This species is very distinct from all known species of
Acliatina. The narrow, elongate form and the remarkable
shining epidermis, blotched and streaked with black and buff,
are the most important features."

The columellar truncation is not sufficiently indicated in
my copy of Mr. Smith's figure. In the general shape the
shell approaches A. pfeifferi.

Spurious and Undetermined Species of Achatina, etc.

Oncaea crenata. Ventricose-ovate, 4 whorls flamed brown
and dark; aperture white. 4 inches long. In Guinea
(Gistel, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller drei Reiche,
1850, p. 550).

Oncaea marginata. Yellowish- white \vith brown streaks
around 4 upper whorls, reddish columella and inner lip,
and several gray, transverse striss. Seven whorls, l 1 ^ inches
long. Habitat unknown (Gistel, 1. c.).

This is evidently not A. marginata Swains., and it may
be a form of Liguus fasciatus.

Achatina serpentina Beck, Index Moll., p. 76. Nude name.

Achatina crotallaria Schumacher, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst,
Vers Test., p. 202 (1817) = Stylifer sp.

72 ACHATINA, S.-G. LEPTOCALA.

Subgenus LEPTOCALA Ancey, 1888.

Petitia JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Societe Zoologique de France
ix, 1884, p. 172, for P. petitia and P. raff'rayi.WAilly,
Bihang etc., 1897, p. 71, not Petitia Chitty. Leptocala ANCEY,
Bull. Soc. Malac. de France, v, p. 70, footnote no. 3 (1888),
type A. mollicella Morel.; Nautilus xii, p. 92 (1898). Not
Leptocola Gerstaecker 1883 (Insecta).

The shell is ovate-oblong, very thin, more or less flammu-
late, glossy, and only minutely striate. The protoconch is
smooth and rather large. The columella is truncate at the
base as in Achatina. The eggs (of A. pulchella Mts.) are
dirty white, and measure 4x5 mm. The radula of A. pul-
chella has, according to Schako, a very small central tooth,
laterals with an ectocone; marginals with the entocone de-
veloped, so that they become tricuspid.

This group differs from Achatina chiefly in the thin
texture and minute sculpture of the shell and in the color
of the eggs. It is admitted as a genus by d'Ailly, but no
adequate generic characters have yet been formulated for it.
Only two or three species have been satisfactorily shown to
exist, although the roll of names proposed contains three
times that number.

Species of Leptocala.

1 . Shell densely, very finely striate spirally ; decorated with
narrow undulating flames extending upon the base.
West African (Leptocala s. sir.).

a. Length 18, diarn. 12 mm. ; whorls 6 ; stripes wider
on the spire. Guinea. A. mollicella, no. 1.

6. Length 32, diam. 15 mm.; whorls 6-7; stripes not
noticeably wider on the spire. Congo and Kamerun.

A. m. petitia, no. la.

2. xShell with faint, inconspicuous growth-striae; whitish-
corneous with indistinct reddish streaks on the base;
length 27, diam. 12 mm. Angola.

A. specularis, no. 2.

3. Shell without spirals; flames abruptly terminating in

ACHATINA, S.-G. LEPTOCALA. 73

spots at the periphery, the base darkened. East African.
(Section Leptocallista Pits.).

a. 26 x 12 mm. with 7 whorls ; Abyssinia.

A. raff ray i, no. 3.

?>. 36x15.5 mm., with 9 whorls; Nguru Mts. and
Ussambara. A. grand idieriana, no 4.

1. A. *MOLLICELLA Morelet.

See antea p. 29, where the description of this species is
translated. Ancey states (Nautilus xii, p. 92, Dec. 1898) that
on comparison with A. pulchella Martens he finds the two
to be identical specifically. Since the forms described by
Jousseaume and von Martens may prove to be distinguish-
able from mollicella, and have been figured, I give the de-
scriptions below.

la. Var. petitia (Jousseaume). PI. 34, fig. 15.

"Shell ovate-oblong, very thin, submembranous glossy, very
delicately striate spirally, buff-corneous ornamented with
wavy longitudinal yellow lines. Whorls 7, a little convex,
the last slightly wider, one-third the total length, columella
somewhat straightened, compressed, obliquely truncate
basally. Aperture oblique, oblong-ovate, the peristome simple.

"Length 32, diam. 15, length of aperture 13.5, width
8 mm." (Jouss.).

On the Congo above the N'toc river (L. Petit.). Kamerun
at Bibundi (Jungner), Bonjongo, Victoria (Buchholz),
Buea (Preuss.).

Achatina pvlchetta v. MARTENS, Monatsbericht der Preuss.
Akad. der Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1876, p. 258, pi. 3, f. 1, 2.
SCHACKO, in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 341 (denti-
tion). Not A. pulchella Spix, 1827, nor of Pfr., 1856.-
Petitia pulchella v. Mart., d'AiLLY, Bihang, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
xxii, p. 71. Petitia petitia JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. de
France pour 1'annee 1884, p. 172, pi. 4, f. 4. Acliatina smithi
SOWERBY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 579, pi. 56, f. 3.
Not A. smithii Craven, 1880. A. sowerbyi SMITH, Ann. and
Mag. N. H. (6 ser.), vi, 1890, p. 392.

74 ACHATTNA. S.-G. LEPTOCALA.

Jousseaume's description and figure (pi. 34, fig. 15) are
given. The latter differs from von Martens' illustration of
pulclidln in the less obtuse summit, narrower columella and
in having a half- whorl more ; but the two agree exactly in
measurements. The discrepancy may be due to inaccurate
drawing by Jousseaume's artist. It is therefore doubtful
whether the Cameroon form is separable even as a variety;
d'Ailly uniting them. The original figure of A. pulchella
is copied in pi. 34, fig. 14. The original description follows:

"Shell oblong-ovate, very minutely spirally lineate, other-
wise smooth, glossy; whitish, painted with close narrow wavy
stripes of orange. Spire conoid, the apex obtuse. Whorls
6 to Gi/o, a little convex, suture rather deep and simple.
Aperture somewhat oblique, occupying two-fifths to three-
fourths the length, sinuate-oval, acute above; peristoine thin,
unexpanded ; columella arcuate, orange tinted, obliquely trun-
cate. Length 32, diam. 15, aperture 8 mm. wide, 13.5 long.
Bonjongo, in the Kamerun mountains." (v. Mart.}.

The names pulchella Martens, smithi Sowerby and soiuerbyi
Smith pertain to the Cameroon form, which if it proves dis-
tinguishable from that of the Congo, will be. called var.
soiucrbyi Smith. All of these are larger than Morelet's
A. mollicella.

2. A. SPECULARIS Morelet. PL 2, figs. 15, 16.

Shell ovate-elongate, very thin, nearly smooth, diaphanous,
whitish corneous, the base obscurely marked with reddish
streaks. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, suture impressed,
nearly simple. Whorls 8, slightly convex, the last a little
swollen, more than two-fifths the total length. Columella
lightly arcuate, abruptly truncate at the base. Aperture
semioval, the peristome thin, unexpanded. Length 27, diam.
12 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: banks of the Rio Moembege, district of
Cazengo, Angola (Welwitsch).

Acini/tint K'pccularis MOREL., J. de C. 1866, p. 159; Voy. Wel-
witsch p. 74, pi. 4, f. 4. PFR. Monogr. vi, p. 219.

A fragile, transparent shell, sometimes unicolored, some-

ACHATINA, S.-G. LEPTOCALA. 75

times ornamented with indistinct wavy reddish-fawn st.riae.
The growth-stria 1 are irregular and inconspicuous to the
naked eye. Adolf d'Ailly has suggested that the species
be referred to this group.

Section Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904.

3. A. RAPFRAYI (Jousseaume).

"Shell oblong, very thin, submembranous, glossy, very
delicately striatulate at the suture; buff-corneous, painted
with longitudinal straight or wavy rufous flames, interrupted
at the periphery, base broadly banded with roseate. Whorls
7, a little convex, the last slightly wider, a little more than
one-third the total length. Columella somewhat straightened,
compressed, obliquely truncate at the base. Aperture oblique,
truncate-oval, the peristome simple."

Length 26, diam. 12, aperture length 10, width 6 mm.

N. E. Africa: Abyssinia (Raff ray).

Achatina raffrayi Jouss., Le Naturaliste v, August 1883,
p. 324:.Petitia raffrayi Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ix, 1884,
p. 172.

On the intermediate whorls the flames widen towards the
lower suture ; on the last whorl they are more irregular, and
widen or coalesce to form large brown spots on the convexity
of the whorl, in which the flames abruptly terminate along
a line which is an exact continuation of the suture. The
base, up to the yellowish belt below the spots, is nearly
uniform vinous red.

This species has not been figured. The above description
and notes are from Jousseaume, and show the shell to be
very close to L. grandidieriana Bgt. There seems to be little
aside from size and locality, to separate the two forms ;
the smaller size coupled with the less number of whorls prob-
ably indicating that raffruyi was based on a younger shell
than grandidieriana.

4. A. GRANDIDIERIANA (Bourguignat) . PI. 42, figs, 6, 7; pi.
40, figs, 1, 1.

Shell lengthened oblong, solid but still subtranslucent. very

76 COCHLITOMA.

glossy, smooth, polished, seen to be delicately striate under
a very strong lens; opaline, the lower part of the last whorl
is vinous-chestnut, and the whorls (except the first) are ele-
gantly ornamented with narrow black-chestnut lines ter-
minating in wide spots of the same color at the periphery.
Spire tapering, the summit obtuse. Whorls 9, a little con-
vex, regularly and slowly increasing, separated by an im-
pressed suture; the last whorl convex, slightly over one-
third the alt. Aperture oblique, relatively small, irregularly
ovate, violaceous and showing the spots inside, whitish at the
edge ; peristome unexpanded, acute. Columellar margin short,
curved, at the base contorted and abruptly, strongly trun-
cate. Parietal callous vinous. (Bgt.).

Length 36, diam. 15.5, alt. aperture 13, width 7 mm. (Bgt.).

East Africa: Nguru Mts., 1800-2000 meters elevation (Alex.
Leroy) ; Ussambara (Conradt, ~W. Schmidt).

Stenogyra grandidieriana BGT., Moll, de 1'Afrique Equat.,
1889, p. Ill, pi. 6, f. 9, 10. Achatina g., v. MARTENS, Bes-
chalte Weichthiere D. Ost-Afr. p. 93. Achatina nitida v.
MART., Conch. Mittheilungen iii, p. 7, pi. 43, f. 1, 2. (1896).

The color-pattern is characteristic, no less than the total
want of granulation and the glossy surface. Figs. 6, 7 of pi.
42 are copied from Bourguignat's figures of his type. Figs
1, 1 of pi. 40 represent the synonymous A. nitida.

Perhaps this is to be regarded as a variety of .4. raff ray I,
with which it agrees in coloration. It is larger, more solid
and has two more whorls.

Genus COCHLITOMA Fer., Pilsbry. 1904.

Cochlitoma FKR., (in part) Prodr. p. 48. Achalina of
authors.

Ovate or oblong shells, with the apex obtuse and of the
bulbous or globose type, the initial whorl smooth, the rest of
the protoconch decussate-granose, this sculpture extending
without interruption upon the adolescent and usually the
adult stages; aperture as in Achatina, the columella distinctly
truncate at its base.

Soft anatomy so far as known similar to Achatina. Repro-

COCHLITOMA. 77

duction ovo-viviparous, the young shells at birth decidedly
larger than the eggs of Achatinae of corresponding adult size.

Type Bulimus zebra Brug. Distribution, South Africa.

The distribution of Cochlitoma is roughly limited on the
north by the Tropic of Capricorn. A few species of Achatina,
such as A. panthera and A. immaculata occur south of this
limit.

Almost all of the South African Achatina 1 belong to
Cochlitoma, and agree in having the apex rather large and
rounded, the first whorl nearly fiat, smooth except for slight
ripples, several following wiiorls decussate-granulose. This
sculpture may extend to and upon the last whorl. They are
ovo-viviparous, producing numerous young at a time. In
typical Achatina the apex is more trochiform. By accelera-
tion, the decussate sculpture, so characteristic of the stage
of maturity in Achatinido', has invaded the embryonic stage,
so that the first whorl only of the unborn young is smooth,
while Achatina proper is a much less evolved generic type, in
which several whorls of the protoconch are smooth.

In the uterus of a specimen of A. zebra, Semper found about
60 undeveloped eggs with thick, calcareous shells, the smallest
3 mm., the largest 6 mm. long; then 25 embryos which had
crawled out of the egg-shell ; on the foot the embryos carried
a large podocyst, which in the youngest individuals enveloped
the whole shell of l 1 /^ whorls. See also under A. crawfordi,
species no. 18. It is likely that some species will be found
to be oviparous.

Metachatina kraussi (Vol. XVI, p. 307) is so closely re-
lated to the present group that it is doubtful whether it should
be separated generically on account of the single character of
an obsolete columellar truncation. The form and sculpture
of the protoconch and the method of reproduction are identi-
cal in Metachatina and Cochlitoma.

Cochlitoma was proposed by Ferussac to comprise snails
with the shell ovate or oblong-ovate and having the columella
truncate below, a group practically equivalent to Aclmtum
of Lamarck's Animaux sans Vertebres, and of most subse-
quent authors during more than half of the last century.

78 COCIILITOMA.

Before Ferussac, generic names had already been proposed
for part of the species of his list, Achatina Lam. 1799 com-
prising species 345 to 349, 352 and 353 ; Liguus Montf . 1810
takes in species 343, 344. Subsequent eliminations removed
342 to Corona (1850), 341 to Pseiidotroclms (1855), 339 to
Atopocochlis (1888), and 350, 351, to Archachatina (1850).
These removals have left only no. 354, Helix zebra Fer.,
Achatina zebra of authors, the sole unassigned species of
Ferussac 's list; and I propose to restrict the name Cochlitoma
to species of this type. I cannot find that a type for the group
has been selected by any author up to this time.

Cristofori et Jan in the catalogue of their collection, 1832
(Sect, ii, part 1, p. 4), place only A. perdix Lam. under
Cochlitoma. This might be held to restrict the name to that
species, were it not that the locality given, "Amer Antill. "
throws grave doubt upon the identification and the name
perdix does not occur in Ferussac 's list.

LITERATURE OP SOUTH AFRICAN ACHATINID^. The special
literature began with Dr. F. Krauss (b. 1812, d. 1890) author
of that excellent work Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken,
Stuttgart, 1848. Krauss gave a list of the Achatinas with
valuable notes on pp. 80, 81. In the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History (6), vi, pp. 390-393, Mr. Edgar A. Smith
catalogued the species known up to 1890. In the same year
Messrs. James Cosmo Melvill and John Ponsonby began a
series of papers of the first importance upon the South
African fauna, continuing to the present time, containing
descriptions and figures of a large number of species of
Achatina. They have also published a summary of the land
molluscan fauna of the region in Proceedings of the Mala-
cological Society of London, iii, Achatinidce on pp. 178, 179
(1898). Finally Dr. Rudolf Sturaiiy also has enumerated
the species in his Catalog der bisher bekannt geworden
Siidafrikanischen Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken, in Denk-
schrift der Math, naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiser-
lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. Ixvii (1898).

COCHLITOMA. 79

Groups of South African Cochlitoma.

I. Group of C. semidecussata. Chiefly rather slender shells,
the spire conspicuously granose-decussate, last whorl
costulate or granose. Species 1 to 5.

II. Group of C. zebra. Ovate or oblong, rather strong,
closely zebra-striped with dark or blackish chestnut, the
stripes sometimes confluent below ; last whorl generally
smoothish. Species 6 to 16.

III. Group of C. varicosa. Ovate or obesely ovate, thin, light
shells, usually flammulate. Species 17 to 21.

IV. Group of C. dimidiata. Ovate, the spire decussate, last
whorl generally smooth and glossy; nearly uniform oli-
vaceous, brownish or yellowish, without flames, but usu-
ally with a few streaks along growth-lines.

Species 22 to 31.

V. Species of uncertain position, some of them perhaps be-

Species 32 to 34.

I. Group of C. semidecussata.

Rather slender shells (except C. granulata), with the apex
large and rounded, the spire conspicuously decussate-
granulose, the last whorl costulate-striate or granose. Aper-
ture and columella whitish.

1. C. GRANULATA (Krauss). PI. 29, fig. 44.

Shell fusiform-ovate, solid, brownish or olivaceous yellow,
closely marked with reddish-chestnut stripes, part of them
more or less zigzag. Closely, finely and strongly striate, de-
cussated by more spaced and superficial spirals over the
whole surface. The vertical striaa are deeper and more re-
gular on the spire, recurved and puckered below the suture.
Spire regularly tapering, rather slender above, the apex obtuse
and rounded. Whorls 8y 2 , moderately convex, the last ob-
long. Aperture about half the total length, lilac-white or
blue-white within. Columella white, strongly arcuate, com-
pressed, its callous narrow and thick, narrowly truncate or
sinuous at base. Parietal callous white, thin and transparent
towards the outer lip.

80 COCHLITOMA.

Length 145, diam. 70, aperture 80 mm.

Length 130, diam. 64, aperture 68 mm.

Length 105, diam. 49, aperture 55x28 mm. (Pfr.).

S. Africa: Woods in Outeniqualand, George District
(Krauss) ; Natal (Dr. Wahlberg). Pondoland (Conrad
Beyrich). Howick; frequent in the Maritzburg district
(E. W. S wanton).

Achatina zebra var. granulata KRAUSS, Die Siidafrikanis-
chen Mollusken, p. 80 (1848). A. granulata PFR., P. Z. S.
1852, p. 66; Monogr. iii. p. 484. SEMPER, Keisen im Archip.
Phil., Landmoll., p. 143, pi. 12, f. 2 (genitalia) ; pi. 16, f. 14
(teeth. MARTENS, Archiv f . Naturg. 1897, p. 36 ; Sitzungsber.
Ges. nat. Fr. 1890, p. 87. SWANTON, Journ. of Conchology
x, p. 195 (July, 1902). A. semigranosa PFR., P. Z. S. 1861,
p. 25; Mai. Bl. 1861, p. 78; Monogr. vi, p. 216 (young of
granulata; cf. Smith, Ann. Mag. (6), vi, p. 391).

Readily known by its conspicuously granulate spire, a
little attenuated near the obtuse apex, the concave, narrow
and peculiarly compressed columella, etc. Different as are the
adult shells, the young show relationship with C.semidccussata.

2. C. SEMIDECUSSATA ('Mke.' Pfr.). PL 30, fig. 51, 52, 53.

Shell ovate-turrite, rather thin, white under a greenish-
yellow cuticle, irregularly marked with well-spaced chestnut
stripes, which are often interrupted or zigzag. Sculpture of
fine, close, more or less waved rib-stria?, cut into granules by
decussating spirals, this sculpture much weaker below the
periphery, and usually coarser below the suture. Whorls a.bout
8, convex. Spire regularly tapering to the large, obtuse,
rounded apex. Aperture narrow above and below, pearly
bluish and showing the dark streaks within; outer lip thin;
columella whitish, gently concave above, straight below, and
abruptly truncate. Parietal callous transparent, very thin.

Length 75, diam. 32, aperture 38 mm.

Length 70, diam. 29, aperture 33 mm. (Pfr.).

S. Africa: Natal (Mke.), Upper Olifants river, north of
Middelburg, Transvaal.

A. semidecussata Mke. MSS., PFR,, Symbolae iii, p. 91

COCHLITOMA. 81

(1846) ; in Phil., Abbild. ii, p. 213, pi. 1, f. 1; Monogr. ii,
257 ; Conehyl. Cab. p. 336, pi. 27, f . 2, 3. KRAUSS, Die Siidaf.
Moll. p. 81. - - V. MARTENS Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforseh.
Freunde zu Berlin, 1899, p. 164. STURANY, Catalog, p. 57.
SMITH, Ann. and Mag. 1890, p. 391.

Distinct by its narrow, lengthened shape and beautifully
clear-cut granulation. The large apex and irregular mark-
ings are also characteristic.

3. C. PENTHERI (Sturany). PI. 30, fig. 50.

The shell is lengthened, turrite, and consists of Ty% whorls.
The apex (embryonal whorl) is not pointed, but rounded, and
is formed of iy 2 smooth whorls; regularly spirally striate
whorls follow. In regular spiral series are arranged granules,
which increase in size with the enlargement of the whorl, hut
on the last whorl cease at about the middle. The marking
consists of brown streaks or lengthened spots in a longitudinal
direction, on the last 3 or 4 whorls. These streaks are broader
near the suture below, running to a point above. Length 40,
diam. 19, aperture 19x10.5 mm. (Sturany").

S. Africa: Durban (Dr. Penther, 1897).

A. pentheri STURANY, Catalog Siidaf., Denksehr. Math.-
naturwissensch. Cl. K. Akad. Wissenseh., Ixvii, p. 592, p).
2. f. 40 (1898).

Very closely related to C. semidecussata, from which it ia
separable chiefly by the smaller size.

4. C. VESTITA (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 46, 47, 48, 49.

Shell subfusiform-turrite, thin ; longitudinally closely pli-
cate-striate ; white, covered with a tawny, scaly cuticle. Spire
turrite, nude above, obtuse, the suture shallow, densely crenu-
lated, whorls 8, rather flattened, the last a little shorter than
the spire, somewhat tapering basally. Columella arcuate,
somewhat twisted, transversely truncate. Aperture little
oblique, acuminate-oval, whitish within; peristome simple, the
right margin lightly arcuate. Length 75, diam. 31, aperture
38x17 mm. (Pfr.}.

S. Africa: Port Natal (Plant). Pondoland (Conrad
Bey rich).

COCHLITOMA.

( A. vestita !PR., P. Z. Soc. 1854. p. 293; Xovit. Conch,
p. 35, pi. 9, f. 8, 9; Monogr. iv, H(:5; Malak. Bl. ii. p. 168.-
SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1S!H>. vi, p. 391. STURANY,
Catalog, p. 58 [594]. MARTENS, Archiv f. Naturg. Ixiii, 1897,
p. 36; Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1890, p. 87 (notes
on sculpture) ; Conch. Mittheil. iii, p. 2 (1894).

In the general shape and character of markings, as well
as in the sculpture of the spire, C. vestita has much in com-
mon with C. semidecussata. The first whorl is nearly smooth;
several following whorls are decussate-granulate ; but the last
two whorls are finely and sharply costulate-striate, the
icostulse bearing recurved cuticular scale-like processes
(fig. 49). The columella is compressed and sinuous, with a
sort of " siphonal funicle ' near the base. A somewhat
similar structure may be seen in C. granulata. Length 68,
diam. 31, aperture 35 mm.

5. C. DELORIOLI (Bonnet). PI. 28, fig. 41.

Shell thin, transparent, obtuse, marked with oblique striae,
very strong on the last whorl, finer towards the summit of the
spire M r here they are decussated by spirals, which are also in-
conspicuous. Last two or three whorls are covered with a
deep fulvous cuticle, paler towards the apex as well as to-
wards the umbilical region. Spire composed of 7 convex
whorls, the suture noticeably sinuous, the last whorl semi-
globose, marked with large and long irregular streaks of a
dark brown color, and not reaching to the ends of the
>]!. Sometimes these streaks are quite oblique and dis-
anpe.-ir t.o-.v.'irds the summit of the spire. Aperture oval, the
.: ime very. ihin. violaceous \vhite inside, but yellowish
by trans' -wing the external spots. Columella

whilish. Length 72, diam. 32 mm. Habitat, Brazil (Bonnet).
Aclxitina'de Lorioii BONNET, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie
'(1 ser) xvi. 1864, p. 279, pi. 22, figs. 1, 1 a. ("Achatina
'lorioii " at foot of plate). A. l.ridi IVi;., Monogr. vi. p. 218.
Seems to be exactly similar to C. vestita except in the small
apex shown in Bonnet's figure. This may perhaps be an
'error on the part of the draughtsman. Figure and descrip-
tion from Bonnet.

COCUL1TCMA. 83

II. Group of C. zebra.

Ovate or oblong shells, very closely zebra-striped with dark
chestnut throughout, the stripes sometimes confluent below.
Apex rather large and obtuse. Last whorl generally almost
srcooth.

6. C. INDOTATA (Reeve). PI. 6, fig. 10.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, ventricose, decussate-striate above.
Buff-white, lightning streaked with broad chestnut stripes.
Spire conic, the apex obtuse. Suture subcrenulate-marginate.
Whorls 7 to 8, a little convex, the last about as long as the
spire, nearly smooth. Columella arcuate, callous, abruptly
truncate at the base. Aperture slightly oblique, acuminate-
oval, whitish inside; peristome simple. Length 136, diam.
62, aperture 73 x 36 mm. (Pfr.).

West Africa (Cuming coll.). South Africa: Elim, near
Cape Agulhas (Albers coll.).

A. indotata RVE., Conch. Icon, v, pi. 6, f. IS (1849).-
PPR., Monogr. iii, p. 483. v. MAIITKNS Couchol. Mittheil.
ii, p. 139.

7. C. ZEBROIDES (E. A. Smith).

"Shell rather solid and heavy foe its size, -.'ate, white,
varied with numerous close-set and slightly oblique reddish-
brown stripes, which are rather regular and only slightly un-
dulating; spire obtusely conical, while towards the apex which
is rather rounded and not acute, suture but slightly oblique,
crenulated; whorls 7, quite convex, the third and fourth from
the nucleus ornamented with a close granulation, the granules
being elongate; on the two succeeding whorls they are less
conspicuous, and on the last become almost obsolete; aperture
small, not equalling half the entire length of the shell,
within coated with a white opaque enamel and streaked here
and there rather indistinctly by the exterior brownish strip' - :
columella coated with a thin white callosity, which extends as
far as the upper extremity of the outer lip; it is a little
arcuated and rather abruptly but obliquely truncated at 1h-
basal end; peristome simple, regularly curved, and thin."
(Smith).

84 COCHL1TUMA.

Length 46, diain. 23, aperture 23 x 12.5 mm.

Habitat unknown.

A. zebroides SMITH, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i, p. 347
(May, 1878).

" This species, of which I have seen only a single specimen,
agrees in form very fairly with A. porphyrostoma Shuttle-
worth, with the exception of the spire being a little less ob-
tuse; and in coloration it reminds one very much of
A. zebra." (Smith).

8. C. MACHACHENSIS (E. A. Smith). PI. 41, fig. 7.

Shell long-ovate, moderately thin, white under a thin,
glossy yellow cuticle, painted with longitudinal arcuate red-
dish-black streaks, sometimes more or less undulating or
bifurcating. Spire produced, lightly convex, obtuse at
the apex. Whorls 7, a little convex striated with deli-
cate oblique growth-lines, separated by a linear, thick-
ened white suture; the last whorl noticeably descending in
front. Aperture inversely ear-shaped, scarcely half the total
length, bluish within and somewhat pearly, showing the
blackish streaks through. Columella a little arcuate, whitish
in front, obliquely shortly truncate, joined to the lip above
by a thin bluish callous (Smith).

Length 58, diam. 31, aperture 28 x 16 mm.

Length 52, diam. 27, aperture 25 x 15 mm.

S. Africa : Basutoland on Mount Machacha, at about 10,000
ft. elevation (R. Crawshay).

A. machachensis SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, v, p.
169, fig. in text. (July, 1902).

This is the first species recorded from Basutoland, and al-
though exhibiting in some respects a relationship to the well-
known A. zebra, it seems on account of its elongate-ovate
form to be worthy of specific separation. A. rliabdota of
Melvill & Ponsonby is very similar as regards general form
and the style of markings, but is described as decussately
granulated, a feature entirely absent in the present species,
which moreover appears to have more convex whorls, pre-
suming that the figure of rhabdota is accurate, for their form

COCHLITOMA. 85

is not described in the author's diagnosis. Besides in the
characters already referred to, this species also differs from
A. rhabdota in the form of the aperture. A. crawfordi More-
let, from Port Elizabeth, is also very similar in general outline,
but is somewhat thinner, finely granulated, and with lighter-
colored markings (Smith}.

9. C. PULGURATA (Pfeiffer). PL 27, fig. 34.

Shell conic-ovate, thin ; granulated by longitudinal striae,
close above, obsolete on the last whorl, and spiral lines.
Corneous-buff, ornamented with wide, blackish, zigzag streaks.
Spire conic, obtuse ; whorls 6y 2 , the upper ones a little con-
vex, the last swollen, granulated by a few spiral lines below
the suture, nearly smooth below the middle. Columella blue,
scarcely arcuate, abruptly truncated above the base of the
elliptical-semioval aperture. Peristome simple, unexpanded.
Length 67, diam. 36, apert. 42 mm. long, 21 wide in the
middle (Pfr.).

West Africa.

Achatina fulgurata PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, p.
258; Monographia iii, p. 486; Conchyl. Cab. p. 319, pi. 26, f. 1.

This species may belong near A. studleyi. Description
and figure from Pfeiffer.

10. C. ZEBRA (Bruguiere). PL 28, fig. 39.

Shell ovate-conic, rather thin but strong; under a thin
yellow cuticle it is white, closely striped ivith dark brown, the
stripes narrow, usually about equal to their white intervals,
vertical, and slightly dislocated in places. Surface of the
last w r horl smooth except just below the suture, where it is
granose. Whorls of the spire densely granose-decussate.
Whorls 8, slightly convex, the suture whitish and puckered.
Aperture white within, contained about one and two-thirds
times in the length of shell. Columella arcuate, white; the
parietal wall white calloused around the axis, transparent
above.

Length 5 inches, diam. 2 inches, 9 or 10 lines (Brug.).

South Africa: Districts George and Uitenhage, common un-

>S() COCHLITOMA.

der plants on the downs, especially large-leaved species of
Mesembryanthemum, less common in the forests (Krauss).

Bulla acliatina BORN, Test. Mus. Coes. Vind. pi. 10, f. 1
(good). Bulimus zebra BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 357, no.
100. PERRY, Conchology pi. 30, f. 3 (copied from Born!).
Helix zebra FER., Hist. pi. 133. Acliatina zebra LAM., An.
s. Vert, vi, p. 128. REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 179, f. 17;
Conch. Icon, v, pi. 7, f. 23. PFR., Monogr. ii, 250; iii, 482;
iv, 600 ; vi. 212 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 291, pi. 2, f . 3 ; pi. 23, f . 1
(small form) . DESH., in Fer. Hist, ii, p. 156. KRAUSS Die
Siidaf. Moll. p. 80, with var. granulata (1848). SMITH, Ann.
and Mag. N. H. (6) vi, 1890, p. 392. STURANY, Catalog,
p. 58 [594]. A. chemnitziana PFR., Symbols ii, p. 132, 1842,
no descript, based upon Lam. sup. cit. Aehaiinus z(bra
MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 419 (?? pi. 418). Acliatina
zebra Ch., de Roissy, BECK, Ind. Moll. p. 75, with var.
microstoma Chemnitz, C. Cab. ix, f. 1014. SEMPER,
Reisen, Landmoll., p. 144, pi. 12, f. 22 (uterine young).
A. barman a BECK, 1. c. (1837). A. capensis ALBERS, Die
Hel., 1861, p. 203, note 4. A. tigrina Cuming, BECK, Index,
p. 75, based on Fer. Hist. pi. 133. Ampulla zebra in part,
and A. quagga in part, BOLTEN, Mus. Bolt. p. 111.

This handsome Cape species is frequently seen in a more
or less artificial condition of polish, the effect of "cleaning"
with acid. It is not known with certainty what form of the
species Bruguiere had, but from his selection of Born's en-
graving as "good," the only one so distinguished we may
well take that to be typical zebra. That Bruguiere included
fulica also in his conception of the species is shown by his
citation of Seba's figures of that shell, and by the statement
that he had found it living in Madagascar.

The typical zebra therefore will include shells with the
spire rather long and slender of which Reeve's figure (copied
on pi. 28, fig. 39) is an extreme example. A. borniana is
identical. "In fresh shells the first four whorls are uniform
yellowish-white, the fifth and sixth whitish and brown, the
two last are always banded brownish-yellow and chestnut
brown. The first 6 whorls are more or less granulose, but

COCHLITOMA. 87

the lower part of the penult, and the entire last whorl are
always smooth and glossy. Length 4, diam. 2*4 inch.''
[ about 100 x 56 mm. ] . ( Krauss} .

Melvill and Ponsonby place fulgurata, kraussi and obesa as
varieties under A. zebra (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 179).

Var. olcsa Pfr. PI. 27, fig. 35.

This name may be applied to the short, compact form of
the species, such as the specimen figured, which however has
the shortest spire of any adult shell in the series before me.
The aperture is between .6 and .7 of the length. The sculp-
ture does not differ from that of typical zebra.

S. Africa. Pfeiffer's locality "West Africa" is doubtless
erroneous.

A. olesa PFR., Malak. Bl. i, 1854, p. 224; Monogr. iv, 600;
vi, 212; viii, 273. Helix zebra, var. ? an juv. ? FER., His-
toire, pi. 133, middle figure.

11. C. KRAUSSI (Reeve). PI. 16, figs. 10, 11; PI. 27, fig. 36.

Shell ovate, slightly ventricose, rufous-chestnut, covered
with a hard glossy cuticle ; whorls, except the last, longitudin-
ally streaked, the streaks white, sometimes straight, sometimes
sinuous, distant, and extending to a variable length below the
suture. Spire rather short, the apex obtuse. Aperture
ovate, white. Length 2.75, diam. 1.5 inch. (Rve.).

S. Africa: right bank of the Koega river close to its mouth
at Algoa Bay, under large-leaved bushes of Mesembryanthe-
mum (Krauss).

Achatina kransii REEVE, P. Z. S. 1842. p. 55; Conch. Syst.
ii, p. 88, pi. 179, f . 19. A. kraussi PFR., Symbols ii, p. 133 ;
Monogr. ii, p. 250 ; iii, 483 ; iv, 601 ; vi, 212 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
329, pi. 23, f. 2. KRAUSS, Die Sudaf. Moll. p. 81. REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, pi. 6, f. 21 (1849). SMITH, Ann. and Mag.
N. II. (6), vi, p. 393. MARTENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. nat.
Freunde zu Berlin, 1890, p. 86.

The shell is smaller than C. zebra, far smoother, the de-
cussation or granulation being confined to the upper whorls
and rather weak there. The slightly crenulate suture is white

OO COCHLITOMA.

margined. A specimen from near Port Elizabeth measures,
length 74, diam. 39, apert. 40 mm. It is not always so solid
as would be gathered from Krauss' remarks. Fig. 11 of pi.
16 is a copy of the type figure ; fig. 10 another specimen ; and
pi. 27, fig. 36 is copied from Reeve's figure of a large Cum-
ingian specimen, which has also been figured by Pfeiffer in
the Conchylien Cabinet.

Reeve, by some error or misunderstanding, printed the name
"kransii" in his first description and illustration, but he
makes it clear whom he intended to honor by the name, and
subsequent authors including Reeve himself have accepted
the rectification made by Dr. Pfeiffer.

"This species resembles A. zebra in shape, but differs in the
much stronger shell, and the white and predominating dark
brown coloration, which often is variable, as I have shells with
the last whorl uniform dark brown. It has 7 whorls, all
smooth, and crenulate at the suture only. It is generally 2.75
inches long, 1.5 wide [about 69x38 mm.], only one specimen
among the great number I have collected is 3 inches long and
has 8 whorls " (Krauss).

"Of four specimens brought from Cape Colony by Dr.
Penther, the largest measured 122 mm. long and 51 mm. wide,
aperture 63x33 mm." (Sturany 1 ).

12. C. ALBOPICTA (E. A. Smith). PI. 13, fig. 43.

"M:c j : -ather solid and heavy, ovate, acuminate above or
in the < ! section of the apex. The colors are about equally
divided, and consequently the ground color may be termed
either volute or dark-brown; in the former case it would be
streaked and blotched with brown and in the latter with
white. The streaking and blotching are very irregular, but
decidedly display a tendency for an oblique direction parallel
with the lines of growth. Whorls iy 2 rather convex, and
ornamented over the entire surface with narrow, elongate
granules, which like the coloring also follow the direction of
the incremental lines and stride. The last whorl is not very
ventricose, but extends or is produced some distance below the
truncated end of the columella. The aperture is about, as

COCHLITOMA. 89

long as half the entire length of the shell, of an irregular,
elongate, oval form, acute superiorly, very white within, be-
ing covered with a thick, shelly deposit of that hue. The
columella is only slightly arched, also clothed with a white
callosity extending upwards over the whorl as far as the ex-
tremity of the outer lip. The truncation is rather abrupt and
narrow. ' ' ( Smith ) .

Length 84, diam. 37, aperture 43 x 22 mm.

Habitat unknown.

A. albopicta SMITH, Quart. Journ of Conch, i, p. 346.
ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. 1902, p. 278, fig. 7.

'The nearest ally of this species appears to be ^4. kraussi
Rve. It differs from it, however, in having a more elongate
and acuminate spire, the more varied and irregular charac-
ter of the blotching and the strongly marked granular sculp-
ture" (Smith).

Ancey, who examined the type in B. M., states that the in-
dividual described is denuded of cuticle, so that the name
given by Mr. Smith is not applicable to fresh specimens, in
which the ground-color is not white but quite a dull yellow.
The species is readily recognizable by the convexity of its
whorls especially near the suture. Fig. 43, after Ancey, rep-
resents the typical form, in addition to which he possesses
a second one, constituting a "var. subunicolor, in which the
shell is almost wholly yellow, with some few figures or macu-
lations especially on the upper whorls."

13. C. USTULATA (Lamarck). PI. 28, fig. 38; pi. 29, fig. 45.

Shell oblong, narrow, thin; yellow, nearly covered with
broad, zigzag or interrupted black-chestnut markings, nar-
rower below the suture, where short stripes are interposed;
the upper whorls dull flesh colored. Surface of the spire
very finely decussate-granulate, the last whorl glossy and
smooth except for puckering below the suture. Spire long,
regularly tapering to an obtuse summit; suture margined.
AVhorls about 7 1 / 4, slightly convex. Aperture small, ovate,
white and lead-bluish within; lip thin, the columella quite
concave above, truncate, with a thin and narrow, reflexed
brownish callous. Parietal callous thin, transparent.

90 COCHLITOMA.

"Length 2 inches 10 lines" (Lam.).

Length 83.5, diam. 33, aperture 37 mm.

S. Africa: George district, Cape Colony (Krauss) ; Pon do-
land (Beyrich).

Achaliita uslulata LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 130 (1822).
REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 177, f. 5; Conch. Icon, v, pi. 12,
f. 40. DESH. in Fer., Hist. p. 164, pi. 125, f. 1, 2. PFR.,
Monogr. ii, 257. KRAUSS, Die Sudafric. Moll. p. 81. MAR-
TENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde 1890, p. 88.

A much elongated member of the C. kraussi group. It is
rare according to Krauss, in the old forests. Reeve has
figured a shell very much narrower than the typical form,
see pi. 29, fig. 45. A more strongly granulose form than
usual has been reported by von Martens from Pondoland.

14. C. ZEBRULA (v. Martens).

Shell ovate, rather thick, very lightly striatulate; whitish
with rather wide brown streaks, somewhat wavy and con-
fluent with one another. Spire rather short, the apex ob-
tuse, rather wide, white. Whorls G 1 /^., a little convex, the
suture crenulate, with scarcely any impressed line. Colu-
mella rather oblique, lightly arcuate, rather thick, distinctly
truncate. Aperture oval, whitish inside, showing the streaks
through ; the outer margin slightly arcuate ; basal lip arcuate.
Length 57-72, diam. 35-41.5, aperture 33.5-41x21-26 mm.
Apical angle 41 degrees. (Martens}.

S. Africa: Transvaal, on the road from Delagoa Bay to
Lydenburg. (Dr. Wilms, 1886).

A. zelrula v. MTS., Sitzungsberichte Gesell. naturforsch.
Freunde zu Berlin, March 20, 1900, p. 118.

Very near A. zebra Chemnitz, and especially the var.
tigrina Fer. (Histoire, p. 133), in markings agreeing better
with var. borniana, in shape more with typical zebra Ch., but
the whorls widening more rapidly than in either, and as it
seems, remaining always smaller, for of 9 examples given by
Dr. Wilms to the Berlin Museum, none exceeded 72 mm. long,
and the smaller ones, 57 mm., give the impression of being
full-grown shells, by the strong, not thin outer lip. A. craw-

COCHLITOMA. 91

fordi Morel, is more oblong, not so full beneath, more obtuse
at the summit, and has much narrower streaks (Mta.).

15. C. SMITHII (Craven). PL 11, fig. 36.

"Shell ovately conical, thin, semitransparent, striated by
the lines of growth, which, upon the upper whorls and upper
part o-f the last whorl are crossed by coarse spiral strife, pro-
ducing a granulose, striated appearance; whorls 8, somewhat
convex, the last occupying about half the entire shell; upper
whorls of a dull orange-yellow, last whorl of a greenish-yel-
low, the whole marked with numerous irregularly waved
stripes of a burnt-sienna color; spire somewhat, elongated,
apex obtuse ; suture deep, aperture elliptically ovate, interior
having a faint purple lustre and showing the stripes through
the shell ; columella arcuate, terminating in a small trunca-
tion; peristome simple. Length 55, greatest breadth 27,
height of aperture 29i/>, breadth of aperture 15 mm."
(Craven).

S. Africa: Leydenburg, Transvaal (Craven).

Achatina smithii CRAV, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 617,
pi. 57, f. 1.

This small member of the zebra group is named after Mr.
E. A. Smith of the British Museum.

16. C. RHABDOTA (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 27, fig. 37.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, ochraceous-straw colored, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 7, above decussate-granulose, the last simi-
larly granulose to the middle, smooth from there to the base,
and glossy; longitudinally decorated throughout with zebrine
flames, the last whorl elongated. Aperture oblong; peris-
tome thin, simple, the columella r margin truncate below.
Length 45, diam. 20 mm. (M. tO P.).

South Africa.

A. rhabdota M. &. P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), i, p. 29,
pi. 8, f. 11 (Jan. 1898).

"In form resembling A. ustulata Lam., though not quite
so elongate ; in markings like a miniature A. zebra. It does
not seem to be a young shell, and we hardly conjecture that

92 COCHLITOMA.

the species will be found to attain greater dimensions than
that of the type before us. It is handsome, painted with
longitudinal close-lying zebrine flames, dark brown on a
straw-colored ground, the whole surface of the upper whorls
and the upper portion of the last being delicately decussated! y
granulose " (M. & P.).

The species seems related to C. smithii Craven.

III. Group C. varicosa.

Thin, light, ovate or obcsely ovate shells, usually flammu-
late, more or less decussate above, and with a rather large
apex.

17. C. VARICOSA (Pfeiffer). PI. 26, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33.

Shell swollen-ovate (in the young, oblong-ovate when
mature), thin, glossy; buff, lightning-streaked with broad,
black-brown flames, and irregularly placed blackish varix-
streaks. Spire turbinate, obtuse, granulated, the suture
slightly crenulate. Whorls (in young shells) 5 to 6, a little
convex, the last a little longer than the spire, striatulate, de-
cussate with spiral stride under the suture; (but adults have
7 slightly convex whorls, the upper minutely granulosa-
decussate, the following granulose on the upper half, the last
whorl a little longer than the spire, striate, with almost
obsolete impressed lines at the suture) . Columella compressed,
acute, lightly twisted, narrowly truncate. Aperture sub-
vertical, oval, bluish and whitish within, and showing the
stripes through; peristome simple, acute, blackish-margined.

Length 43, diam. 25, aperture 27x16 mm. (P/V.).

Length 90, diam. 41, aperture 50x27 to 28 mm. (Pfr.).

S. Africa: Enon, north of Port Elizabeth (Hartvig).

A. varicosa PFR., Malak. Bl. viii, 1861, p. 73, pi. 2, f . 7, 8 ;
Monogr. vi, p. 215 (young) ; Novit. Conch, p. 490, pi. 106, f. 12.

Pfeiffer's first description and figures applied to a specimen
(pi. 26, figs. 30, 31) which he afterwards found was im-
mature. He writes as follows: When Mr. Hartvig sent me
the example described in 1861, he wrote me that larger ones
could not be found, and those collected seemed to be full

COCHL1TOMA. 93

grown. But lately it has been proved that they were only
the young, by large specimens found in the same place, one
of which is here illustrated fpl. 26, figs. 32, 33]. As the
addition of the last whorl gives the whole shell a more elong-
ated egg-shape, the diagnosis of the species requires several
alterations besides that of the dimensions. The fine granu-
lation, which covers the upper whorls disappears close over
the succeeding suture upon those following, and is indicated
on the last two whorls only by weakly impressed lines below
the suture. The aperture is longer and the columella in some
of the grown shells is more strongly concave than in the
young.

18. C. CRAWFORDI (Morelet). PI. 26, figs. 27, 28.

Shell short-ovate, ventricose, thin; pale yellow, profusely
striped longitudinally with chestnut, the stripes narrow,
partly irregular or slightly zigzag, partly straight and in the
direction of growth lines ; the first 3 l / 2 whorls pale fleshy and
without stripes ; surface finely decussate-granulate down to
the periphery of the last whorl, the base nearly smooth.
Spire short, the summit large and obtuse. Whorls 6y 2 , con-
vex, the suture deeply impressed and bordered with a crenu-
late whitish line. Aperture acuminately ovate, white and
showing the bands through, the outer lip thin, columella
somewhat concave, strongly or narrowly truncate below,
whitish ; parietal callous a mere transparent film.

Length 56, diam. 26 mm. (type).

Length 44.5, diam. 26 mm. aperture 27 mm. long.

S. Africa: Port Elizabeth (Jas. Crawford).

A. crawfordi MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 8, pi. 1,
f. 3. CLAPP, Nautilus xi, p. 69.

This handsome little species resembles C. varicosa in having
the slightly oblique stripes interrupted at intervals by broader
variceal streaks parallel to the growth-lines, and apparently
marking the inception of a new period of growth-activity. In
some specimens nearly all of the stripes are of this character,
very few being noticeably oblique or zigzag.

Mr. Clapp found young shells of about 8 mm. diameter

94

COCHLITOMA.

inside of a specimen in his collection; and as there were no
traces of a calcareous egg-shell, it seems that the species is
viviparous.

19. C. ^EDIGYRA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 26, fig. 29.

Shell oblong, compact, glossy, whorls 7, tumid, ventricose,
smooth throughout, flat, one specimen almost uniform oliva-
ceous, another decorated with longitudinal zebra flames.
Aperture oblong, the peristome very thin, simple. Length
of the unicolored specimen 2.25, diam. 1.30 inch. (If. & P.]

S. Africa: Craigie Burn, Somerset East (Mrs. Mary Lay-
ard Barber, nee Bowker, in coll. E. L. Layard).

A. aedigyra M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 92,
pi. 1, f. 7 (Aug. 1894).

'Well characterized by the remarkably ventricose growth
of the whorls."

20. C. CINNAMOMEA (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 29, fig. 42.

Shell obese, tumid, semipellucid, thin, cinnamon-ochraceous.
Whorls 6, the last rapidly increasing, tumid, longitudinally
irregularly wrinkled, decorated here and there with brown
rhunes. Aperture ovate-oblong; peristome thin, the lip milk-
white within. Length of largest specimen 2.25, diam. 1.70
inch. (M. & P.)

South Africa: Standerton (Burnup).

A. cinnamomea M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xiv,
p. 92, pi. 1, f. 6 (Aug. 1894).

'A handsome species, obese, of a cinnamon horn-color, with
darker brown longitudinal flames, irregularly disposed."

21. C. BISCULPTA (E. A. Smith). PL 13, fig. 44.

"Shell light and thin, ovate-acuminate above, clothed with
a thin, yellowish-olive epidermis, beneath which it is dirty or
bluish white, striped a little obliquely with narrow and
slightly wavy reddish-brown streaks; suture almost horizontal,
rather deep owing to a rotundity of the volutions; whorls
7' , ,.>ry convex, the four apical ones pale, without stripes, all
granulated, the granules on upper ones which constitute

COCHLJTOMA. 95

ihe spire rather coarse in close spiral series; the upper
part of the body-whorl similarly granulated, the lower por-
tion much more finely, the line of demarcation between the
two kinds of granulation sudden and distinct. The mouth
rather small, very irregularly oval, occupying a little more
than half the entire length of the shell, dirty-white or
bluish-white within, displaying the exterior reddish-brown
striping; columella arched in the middle, tortuous below and
abruptly truncated at the base, of a dirty-white color and
covered with a very thin callous which extends over the
whorl and joins the lip at its upper extremity." (Smith).

Length 46, diam. 25, aperture 25 x 13.5 mm.

South Africa (Smith).

A. bisculpta SMITH, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i, p. 3-19
(May, 1878). ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. 1902, p. 280, fig. 8.

"This interesting species must not be mistaken for the
young of A. welwitschi Morelet, to which it bears some re-
semblance. There are two specimens of it and apparently
not quite adult. I imagine, however, that they would not
grow much larger, but no doubt would become somewhat
more solid" (Smith).

Aneey figures a shell which seems to him to be identical
with the type of A. biseiiipta, but the general tint is paler
and there are no flammules (pi. 13, fig. 44). Mr. Smith's
type has not been figured.

IV. Group of C. dimidiata.

Ovate shells with the apex rather large and rounded, the

spire decussate, last whorl mostly smooth and glossy; nearly

uniform, olivaceous, brownish or yellowish, usually with a

few streaks in the direction of growth-lines, but without
flames or stripes.

22. C. DIMIDIATA (E. A. Smith). PL 32, fig. 6.

"Shell thin, light, divided into two differently colored por-
tions, the upper section above the middle of the body-whorl
being of a uniform dull-brown color and displaying very
little gloss on the surface, the lower division is polished and

96 COCilLlTOMA.

greenish-yellow or olive, streaked here and there longitudin-
ally with a darker tint. Whorls about seven in number, the
upper ones moderately convex, and sculptured with some-
what coarse granulation, which is formed by the strongly
marked oblique lines of growth being intersected by less pro-
nounced spiral striae; this granulose sculpture becomes al-
most obsolete on the upper half of the last volution and
vanishes entirely below the middle. The aperture is large
and occupies more than half the entire length of the shell;
it is oval in form, acuminated above, and coated within
with a bluish- white callous deposit; columella nearly perpen-
dicular, curved very slightly in an outward direction and
tinted with a very pale shade of livid pink. It is abruptly
truncated below and invested with a thin callosity, which
extends over the oral side of the whorl and joins the thin
peritreme above. (Smith).

Length 80, diam. 39; aperture 45x26 mm. (Smith).

S. Africa : Eastern slope of the Drakensberg mountains,
at Leydenburg Gold Fields, Transvaal.

A. dimidiata SMITH, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i. p. 348
(May, 1878) ; Ann. and Mag. vi, 1890, p. 392. CRAVEN,
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 616.

' ' The species is very readily distinguishable by the strongly
contrasting colors of the upper and lower portions" (Smith).

The specimen figured measures, length 75, diam. 38, aper-
ture 441A mm.

23. C. SCHENCKI (Martens). PI. 5, fig. 1.

Shell conoid-ovate, thin, rather glossy, irregularly costu-
late-striate and sculptured with fine, distant, impressed spiral
lines; uniform brown. Apex obtuse, rather thick, whorls 7,
the upper ones denuded of cuticle, separated by a slightly
crenulate suture, the last whorl with the sculpture evanescent,
paler below and towards the aperture. Aperture slightly
more than half the length of the shell, bluish within, the
columellar margin very arcuate, brownish, obliquely trun-
cate. Length 72, diam. 32, aperture 40x25 mm. (Martens).

S. Africa : Macmac, near Leydenburg, in the Drakensberg
region (Dr. A. Schenck).

COCHLITOMA. 07

Achatina sche-ncki Mrs., Sitzungsberichte d. Ges. naturf.
Freimde zu Berlin 1889, p. 164; Conchol. Mittheil. iii, p. 8,
pi. 43, f. 3 (1894). A. "schrencki v. Mts.," GUDE, Journ. of
Malac. vii, p. 90 (Dec. 1899).

This species is very closely related to C. dimidiata Smith,
from which the very concave cohimella (more like that of
C. burnupi), separates it.

24. C. BURNUPI (E. A. Smith). PI. 32, fig. 5.

Shell long-ovate, rather thin, covered with a glossy, yel-
lowish-olivaceous cuticle, here and there ornamented with
darker streaks, yellow at the suture, and girt about the middle
of the last whorl with a dark belt. Whorls 8, slightly con-
vex, the upper ones granulate, the last elongate, smooth,
striated with slightly oblique growth-lines, slightly descend-
ing in front. Aperture inverse-auriform, pale bluish within,
opalescent, half the total length of the shell. Columella
rather straight, obliquely truncate in front, covered with a
thin whitish callous. Length 71, diam. 39, aperture 35 x 18
mm. (Smith).

South Africa: Drakensberg, North of Natal, 5000-6000 ft.
elevation (Henry E. Burnup).

Achatina burnupi SM., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (6), vi,
p. 393 (Nov. 1890).

'This is a rather slender species, in general proportions
somewhat resembling Reeve's representation of Bulimus
Thompsoni (Conch. Icon. pi. 24, fig. 158). It is moderately
thin and clothed with a yellowish-olive glossy epidermis, ex-
hibiting at short intervals oblique streaks of a darker tint and
close to the suture becoming decidedly yellow, so that the
upper edge of the last whorl appears to be bordered with
that colour. The three uppermost volutions, which have lost
the epidermis, are pale brown; all the whorls except the last
are sculptured with spiral and oblique striae, forming a rather
fine granulation. The body-whorl is rather long and orna-
mented only with lines of growth which are well marked and
slightly puckered at the suture. A faint band is noticeable
just above the middle, and several other transverse lines
parallel with it are also observable on close inspection.

l>- v; COCiil.lTOMA.

'This species resembles A. simplex Smith in the absence of
colour-markings and in the size of the apical whorls, but
differs entirely in its more elongate form. This is particu-
larly apparent in the body-whorl and aperture.

'The above description is based on a single specimen
recently presented to the British Museum by Colonel J. II.
Bowker. It was collected on the Drakensberg, north of
Natal, at an elevation of 5000 to 6000 ft., by Mr. Henry E.
Burnup, after whom I have named the species." (Smith).

The specimen figured measures, length 66.5, diam. 33, aper-
ture 36 mm., and has not quite 7 whorls, the first 4 denuded
of cuticle and flesh-colored, the next 2 beautifully decussate ;
while fine, nearly obsolete spiral lines are barely trace-
able on the last whorl.

2."). C. SGVEVOLA (Melvill & Ponsonby). P. 34, fig. 11.

Shell sinistral, thin, subpellucid, pale ochraceous, oblong-
ovate. AVhorls 7, a little swollen, longitudinally fiammulate
with brown, microscopically granulose-striatulate, the stria?
transverse, the last whorl nearly smooth beneath. Columella
lightly twisted, truncate, brown. Aperture oblong, the lip
thin. Length 2.35, diam. 1.25 inch. (M. & P.).

S. Africa: Transvaal (Mr. Bowker, in Layard coll.).

Acluttina $c<rvola M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 104, pi. 3, L 2, August, 1893.

The last whorl appears almost smooth, although the striae
ar.- traceable ^\\\\ a lens fo/ some little distance below the
suture.

26. (.'. SIMP] .: E. A. Smith). PI. 12, tig. 37.

''Shell rather thin. ligh; (.vale, clothed with shining olive-
brmvnish thin epidermis, here and there streaked in an
oblique direction with narrow stripes or lines of a. deeper
shade of the same colour; spire obtusely conical, terminated
by a rounded, blunt apex, whorls fi 1 ^ gradually increasing,
sculptured by oblique lines of growth, which are granulated
on the upper portion of the whorls; the granules are oblong
and vanish almost entirely on the lower third part of the

COCHLITOMA. 99

upper whorls and are only traceable for a short distance be-
low the suture on the body whorl. The extreme upper edge
of the whorl bordering the suture is pale and crenulated;
aperture irregularly ovate, acuminated above and produced
only moderately below the truncature of the columella, equal-
ling about half the entire length of the shell, somewhat
iridescent, within bluish or vinous white; peristome thin, sim-
ple, everywhere arcuate; columella well arched in the middle
and tortuous beneath, oblique but narrowly truncate at the
base, covered with a whitish enamel faintly tinged with pink,
which extends in the form of a very thin layer over the whorl
to the termination of the outer lip." (Smith).

Length 50, diam. 26, aperture 25 x 16 mm.

Length 39, diam. 22, aperture 21 x 12 mm.

South Africa: Port Natal (Dr. P. Sutherland). Trans-
vaal, between Delagoa Bay and Lydenburg (Dr. Wilms) .

A. si)irpl<.r SMITH, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i, p. 350 (May,
1878). v. MARTENS, Sitzuugsber. naturforsch. Freunde, 1900,
p. 119.

'This species is very distinct from any other with which
I am acquainted. It is remarkable for the simplicity of its
coloring, the rotundity of its whorls and its glossy surface"
(Smith).

27. C. TRANSVAALENSIS (E. A. Smith).

''Shell oblong, thin, pale greenish-straw color: spire bluntly
conical, terminated by an obtuse apex; whorls 7 1 /L>, very con-
vex, separated by a deep and almost horizontal suture, crenu-
lated just beneath it and bordered by a very thin, yellow-
ish line; the surface is everywhere (with the exception of
the lower half of the body whorl which is smooth) covered
with oblong granules, which are not very observable to the
naked eye; the lines of growth are distinct and a little obli-
quely inclined; the aperture is small, being less in lenglh
than half that of the entire shell and of a diaphanous whitish
color within; columella very much arched in the middle,
tortuous beneath, abruptly truncated ;:1 the base, and the
edge coated with a thin, white enamel.' 1

100 COCHLITOMA.

Length 38, diam. 17, aperture 17 x 9 mm.

S. Africa : Eastern slope of the Drakensberg mountains, at
Lydenburg Gold Fields, Transvaal (Smith, Craven).

A. transvaalensis SMITH, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i, p. 351
(May, 1878) .CRAVEN, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 616. MARTENS,
Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Freunde, 1900, 119.

"This species in texture and color resembles in a degree
A. natalensis Pfr., but its form is very different and the
granulation rather finer. In shape and the proportion of the
whorls it approximates A. polychroa of Morelet, but the volu-
tions are much more convex and the columella is not straight' 1
(Smith}.

28. C. PENESTES (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 28, fig. 40.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, much attenuated above, especially
near the apex, whorls 6, under the lens granate-decussate, at
the sutures impressed, the last whorl rapidly enlarging,
smoother at the base, longitudinally irregularly wrinkled.
Aperture ovate-oblong. Columella twisted and somewhat
truncate. Length of largest specimen 1.30. diam, .75 inch.
(M. & P.).

S. Africa: Pretoria (Wotton).

Achatina penestes M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 104, pi. 3, f. 3 (August, 1893).

"The shape is peculiar, ovate-pyramidal, the last whorl
rapidly increasing, somewhat effuse, the other whorls small
in proportion. The surface, excepting that of the basal half
of the last whorl, which is smoothish though longitudinally
wrinkled, granate-decussate. ' '

The color, rather an important character in Achatina, is
not described.

29. C. PARTHENIA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 12, fig. 38.

Shell oblong, glossy, smooth, thin, bright and pale straw-
olive, suffused with flesh color above. Whorls 8, the apical
ones immersed, globular, smooth, the rest impressed at the
sutures, somewhat gradate, a little ventricose, the four upper
whorls, after the apical ones, very minutely decussate under

COCHLITOMA. 101

a lens, this sculpture nearly disappearing on the antepenulti-
mate whorl, the last two smooth, glossy. Aperture ovate, the
peristome thin, a little effuse, the columella somewhat trun-
cate at the base, thin. Length 38, diam. 19 mm. (M. & P.}.

S. Africa: Lower Umfolosi Drift, Zululaud (Burnup).

A. parthenia M. &. P., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (7),
xii, p. 605, pi. 32, f. 10 (Dec., 1903).

"Of the same group as A. penestes, transvaalensis and
livingstonei, but very distinct from all, differing both in
form and coloration from any described species. The shin-
ing stramineous hue, with a blend of olive is peculiar; this
is periostracal, the dead white of the shell itself showing
through in occasional patches. The upper whorls with the
aid of a lens are seen to be most finely decussate. This
gradually becomes evanescent, till the last two whorls appear
quite smooth " (M. & P.).

30. C. CHURCHILLIANA (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 33, figs. 7, 10.

Shell pyramidal-fusiform, rather solid, obtuse at the apex.
Whorls 7, somewhat tumid, subimpressed at the sutures.
Above, at the sutures it is indistinctly granulate-striate, be-
low flattened, smooth; covered with a thin ashen-ochraceous
cuticle. Last whorl produced. Aperture oblong, the peris-
tome simple. Length 3, diam. 1.5 inch. (M. & P.).

South Africa: Port Natal (G. C. Churchill, Esq., Owens
College Museum, Manchester; A. Grout, Acad. N. S. Phila.).

A. churchillia-na M. &. P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6) xv,
p. 164, pi. 12, f. 3 (Feb., 1895).

"This plain-looking Achatina is doubtless one of the
natalensis group, but we cannot identify it with any of the
hitherto described species." The type is a broken shell
(fig. 7)

Specimens of this species before me (pi. 33, fig. 10) meas-
ure from length 69, diam. 34, aperture 33 mm., to 66, 30,
32 mm. They are white under a thin straw-yellow cuticle.
The decussate sculpture is well described as indistinct. On
the last whorl the strife are rather coarsely "gathered" at
the suture, and spirals are absent. Whorls 7V 2 , evenly con-
vex, the last full below.

K - COCHLITOMA.

31. C. NATALENSIS (Pfeiffer).

Shell ovate-conic, rather solid, whitish, covered with a
straw-colored epidermis ; spire regularly conic, obtuse ; whorls
T 1 /^, a little convex, the upper very minutely, the following
more distinctly undulate-granulate ; last whorl about as long
as the spire, striate, decussated near the suture with a few
spiral stria?. Columella arcuate, somewhat twisted, inflated,
narrowly truncate. Aperture slightly oblique, acuminate-
oval ; peristome simple, thin. Length 62, diara. 28, aperture
31x17 mm. (Pfr.).

Port Natal (Plant in Cuming coll.).

A. natalensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 294 ; Monogr. iv, 602.

V. Species incertcc sedis.

32. C. AURORA (Pfeiffer).

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, rather smooth, fulvous, variegated
with sparse deep chestnut streaks. Spire conic, obtuse ; suture
margined. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last about equal
to the spire. Columella very arcuate, purple, the base broadly
truncate. Aperture a little oblique, sinuate-oval, lilac-rose
colored within, glossy; peristome simple, brown-margined,
the margins joined by a roseate entering callous. Length
59, diam. 28, aperture 33x16 mm. (Pfr.).

S. Africa: Port Natal (Cuming coll.).

A. aurora PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 294; Monogr.
iv, 602.

This will probably prove to be no South African shell, but
from West Africa, where many species have similarly colored
interiors.

33. C. LINTERAS (Sowerby). PI. 29, fig. 43.

Shell ovate, thin, glossy, white, covered with a fulvous
cuticle, painted in a single series above the middle with brown
spots. Spire conic, the apex obtuse; suture impressed, sub-
crenulate. Whorls 7, a little convex, granose-plicate ; last
whorl inflated, obsoletely grano-plicate above, then smooth.
Aperture vertical, subovate, white in the throat, blue mar-

COCHLITOMA. 103

Columella nearly straight, dilute blue; peristome sim-
ple, thin, brown. Length 85, diarn. 47 mm. (8 (neb.).

S. Africa : Port Elizabeth.

A linterce G. B. SOWERBY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1889, p.
580, pi. 66, f. 11.

"A very handsome species, of which the type, at present
unique,, is in Miss Linter's collection. It is distinguished
from its congeners chiefly by a conspicuous row of brown
blotches a little removed from the suture '' (G. B. 8.).

34. C. DRAKENSBERGENSIS (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 32, fig. 4.

Shell large, fusiform, delicate, glossy, the apex obtuse,
whorls 8, impressed at the suture, a little ventricose; whitish
covered throughout with a buff-olivaceous cuticle, except the
apex; sometimes almost smooth, ornamented with zebrine
brown-chestnut flames, the last whorl similar to the periphery,
but from there to the base without markings. Sometimes the
whorls are minutely granulate, the zebra-flames almost ab-
sent, marked only here and there with interrupted strokes
or flammules, the last whorl similarly immaculate below the
middle. Aperture oblong, bluish within, the outer lip thin,
columellar margin sinuous, conspicuously truncate at the base.
Length 3.25, diam. 1.75 inches (M. & P.).

S. Africa : Inhluzan, Drakensberg range, Natal.

A. drakensbergensis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6),
xix, p. 636, pi. 17, f. 7, (June, 1897).

"A highly interesting form, two varieties of which are
before us. The shell is fusiform, with ventricose whorls,
somewhat impressed at the sutures; the ground-colour is white
but with the exception of the apical whorls, a yellowish-
olive epidermis more or less shining entirely covers the shell ;
this is ornamented with longitudinal zebra-like flames, more
or less pronounced. In one specimen they are regular and
entirely cover the surface till the middle of the last whorl, be-
low which it is smooth, shining, and spotless. This variety
is much smoother than the other, which is more or less cov-
ered with the minute cross granulations so common in mem-
bers of this genus, while the zebra-like markings are almost

104 ARCHACHATINA.

obsolete. The mouth is oblong, within bluish, outer lip thin,
rounded, columellar margin sinuous, markedly truncate to-
wards the base." (M. & P.).

35. C. LIVINGSTONEI (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 14, fig. 1.

Shell narrow, fusiform, thin, straw-colored, smooth, the
apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little impressed at the suture,
somewhat ventricose, the last whorl longer than the rest,
decorated with longitudinal chestnut zebrine flames, the
flames straight in places, others branching or divaricating.
Aperture ovate, the margin of the outer lip thin, columella
truncate towards the base. Length 41, diam. 20 mm.
(M. & P.).

South Africa: Kuruman, Bechuanaland (David Living-
stone in coll. E. L. Layard).

A. livingstonei M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p.
636, pi. 17, f. 6 (June, 1897).

Seems to be allied to A. pfeifferi Dkr. and A. polychroa
Morlt., and may prove to belong to Achatina.

Genus ARCHACHATINA (Alb.) Pilsbry, 1904.

Archachatina ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 189 (1850), in part.
HERRMANNSEN, Ind. Gen. Malacozoorum, Suppl., p. 11
(1852), type A. sinistrorsa. Achatina sp. of authors.

The shell is ovate, of moderate or large size, with very
obtuse, rounded summit, the protoconch being relatively very
large and widening rapidly, the first whorl flat above, nearly
smooth, the rest decussate-granulose; this sculpture usually
diminishes in strength on the post-nepionic whorls. Whorls
5 to 7. Columella and aperture as in Achatina, or with the
outer lip expanded. Oviparous, the egg-capsules very large,
three to six contained in the uterus at one time.

Type A. bicarinata (Brug.).

Distribution, lands adjacent to the Gulf of Guinea, especi-
ally its north shore.

This genus differs from Achatina in the obtuse summit, of
the shell, caused by the great size of the protoconch, de-

ARCHACHATINA. 105

veloped in a very large egg-capsule, of which but few are
brought forth at a time. Moreover, the embryonic whorls,
except the first, are sculptured. In Achatina the protoconch
is small, trochoidal and smooth. Archachatina differs from
Cocklitoma in the far more ample protoconch, and oviparous
reproduction. Archachatina has a shell of fewer whorls
than either of the other genera, in individuals of the same size.
In many of the more accelerated species of Archachatina the
decussate sculpture gives place on the last whorl to a smooth-
ish surface ; and the zigzag pattern of coloration may also be
condensed upon the spire, the later portion having a second-
arily simplified pattern.

Archachatina was proposed by Albers for the typical sub-
genus of Achatina, as that genus was then understood in a
wide sense, that is, embracing Pseudachatina, Perideris, Gles-
sula, Stenogyroid groups, etc. ; this typical subgenus includ-
ing the forms subsequently and up to the present time com-
prised in the restricted group Achatina. Ten years later the
group was reduced to a synonym of Achatina by von Martens,
a natural and proper course under the conditions then exist-
ing, for Albers' group covered species of all the groups now
to be recognized in the dismemberment of the genus Achatina.
In the meantime Herrmanns-en in his classic work on mollus-
can genera (1852), had given Albers' first species, A. sinis-
trorsa (== bicarinata) , as an example or type of Archachatina.

Under these circumstances it seems proper to restrict
Archachatina to species having the essential structure of
A. bicarinata, even though no such limitation was intended
by Albers, or indicated by any subsequent author.

A. bicarinata, according to Rang, lays large oblong citron-
yellow eggs, varying in size from 14 x 20 to 19 x 27 mm.
The egg-shell is about .3 mm. thick. From three to five or
even six are found in the oviduct at one time. A. purpurea
also has large yellow eggs, the uterus containing four or
five at once.

Key to Species of Archachatina.
I. Shell, sinistral, rough, 120-150 mm. long, bicarinata no. 1.

106 ARCHACHATINA.

II. Shell dextral, surface even.

a. Moderately solid, opaque, interior and columella
lilac or purple: exterior olivaceous, indistinctly
marked or closely streaked ; the early whorls usually
pink.

b. Shell large, length more than 100 mm.; thick
and solid ; lip somewhat expanded.

c. Aperture purple; shell ventricose, 125x87
to 117 x 77 mm. ventricosa, no. 6.

cc. Aperture bright pink within, lip white-
edged; 117 x 70 mm. splendida, no. 9a.
bb. Shell less thick, smaller; lip not expanded.

c. Last whorl very smooth ; streaked with
close, straight rufous streaks, often coale-
scent; aperture lilac, the lip not dark-
bordered within ; length 40 mm.

rhodostoma, no. 9.

cc. Last whorl decussate above ; aperture vio-
let or purple, the lip dark-bordered with-
in; 73x43 to 89x56 mm.

purpurea, no. 7.

ccc. Last whorl decussate above; aperture
lilac ; 60x32 mm. porphyrostoma, no. 8.
aa. Rather solid; aperture white or nearly so inside.

1). Columella white, very concave; lip expanded and
thickened within ; length 100-130 mm.

marginata, no. 2.
bb. Columella red or purple.

c. 105 x 55 mm. ; solid, olivaceous-buff.

grevillei, no. 5.

cc. 101 x 50 mm. gracilior, no. 2a.

ccc. 65 x 35 mm. ; thin, smooth, yellowish with
narrow streaks or maculate; columella
orange flesh-colored. ovum, no. 3.

cccc. 84 x 52 mm. subsuturdlis, no. 2b.

ccccc. 77x40 mm. Solid with broad dark
stripes, confluent below; columella rose-
tinted below cumin gi, no. 4.

ARCHACHATINA. 107

aaa. Shell thin or fragile, usually boldly marked ; aper-
ture white, lilac or bluish within, the flames showing
through.
&. Columella red or purple.

c. Fulvous obsoletely marbled with chest-
nut; 66x30 mm. Colurnella with a
purple line; whorls 5y 2 .

papyracea, no. 11.

cc. Yellowish-green, with wide, deep chestnut

stripes, narrow above and few reaching

the suture, early whorls roseate; colu-

mella short, narrow, quite concave and

crimson; 68x35 mm. adcliiMC, no. 11 a.

ccc. Yellow with vivid dark brown stripes;

col. slightly arcuate, purple ; 66 x 30 mm.,

whorls 6^. bayoli, no. 12.

&&. Columella whitish.

c. Olive-yellow, profusely zigzag-streaked
and dotted with chestnut; densely, finely
and distinctly granulose; 48x27 to 55x32
mm., whorls 5. xiderata, no. 10.

cc. Greenish-yellow, with chestnut flames,
wider, confluent and blackish at base ; a
tessellate border below suture; early
whorls rose ; 72 x 39 to 41 mm.

knorri, no. 13.

ccc. Last whorl granulose-decussate through-
out; 80x40 to 90x50 mm., whorls 6.

camerunensis, no. 14.

Group of A. bicarinata.

The large, solid shell is rudely striate, sinistral, bluish-white
inside, with the Columella very obliquely truncate or strongly
sinuous.

1. A. BICARINATA (Bruguiere). PI. 46, fig. 1; pi. 19, fig. 27.

Shell sinistral, ovate-fusiform, obtusely angular at the peri-
phery and a short distance below the suture ; solid and strong,

108 ARCHACHATINA.

ashy-bluish with inconspicuous brown streaks, the spire
brown, variegated with whitish, early whorls dirty-white or
brown ; the suture has a whitish border below. Surface dull,
rudely marked with growth lines and folds, more or less
distinctly decussate below the suture, sometimes throughout.
Whorls Qi/2 to 7, convex. Aperture blue-white with a pearly
luster within, quite oblique. Outer lip unexpanded, thin,
with a wide brown border within, columella not really trun-
cate below, but deeply recurved to join the effuse basal lip.
Parietal callous blue-white.

Length 120, diam. 67, aperture 73 mm.

Length 150, diam. 75 mm. (Dohrn.).

Ilha do Principe (Prince's Island), in the uninhabited
mountain forests of the southern half of the island, on the
ground, (Dohrn) . Island of St. Thome at Roca Boa Entrada,
Rio do Ouro and Ilheo das Rolas (Greef) ; Roca Rocio, at 570
meters elev. (Moller) ; Morro do Gentio and Roca Minho
(Newton).

Bulimus bicarinatus BRUG. Encycl. Meth. i, p. 359 (1792).
Helix bicarinata FER., Prodr. p. 49, no. 350; Hist., pi. 128.
RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv, p. 23. Achatina bicarinata
LAM. An. s. Vert, vi, p. 129; edit. Desh. viii, p. 296 REEVE,
Conch. Syst. ii. pi. 178, f. 13; Conch. Icon, v, pi. 5, f. 17.-
KUSTER, Conch. Cab. pi. 15, f. 3, 4. MORELET, Voy. Wel-
witsch p. 64. CROSSE, J. de Conch, xvi, 1868, p. 133.
DOHRN, Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 120. GIRARD Jornal de
S<-i. Math., Phys. e Nat. iii, 1893, p. 109. Bulla achalina
sinistrorsa CHEMNITZ, Conch. Cab. ix, p. 28, pi. 103, f. 875-6.
Achalina sinistrorsa PFEIFFER Monogr. ii, 248; iii, 482;
iv, 600; vi, 211 ; viii, 271; Conchyl. Cab. p. 305; Novit. Conch,
p. :n:', pi. 76, f. 1 (var. carnca) . DFSH in Fer., Hist., p.
154, pi. 127 A. B. (soft anatomy).

Dohrn, who collected this species on Prince's Island, writes
as follows :

The color of the common variety is slate-blue verging into
black, the first whorl dirty-yellow, with broad brown flames,
the suture broadly bluish-white. Sometimes the shell, es-
pecially the lower whorls, is white-striped, but always quite

AKCHACHATINA. 109

irregularly and raggedly so. In a few cases I have found
remains of a caducous horny cuticle. The cuticle, white
stripes, and the bluish "bloorn" which overlays the shell like
that of an untouched plum, are wanting in almost all col-
lection specimens, for the dealers' cleaning, with acid, etc.,
has here as in other cases, only too often destroyed the true
characters in an endeavor to beautify.

This species is a regular article of trade, being universally
eaten. It is therefore scarcer than it must have been in
Bang's time. In the town, five were worth the price of a
fowl. They differ only slightly in taste from Helix pomatia.
Most specimens in collections are reddish-brown, from loss
of the external coat. The surface shows a peculiar granu-
lation in places. Rang obtained an albino individual, and
Dohrn a couple of pale flesh-colored ones, on Prince Island.
One of these has been figured by Pfeiffer under the name var.
carnca (pi. 19, fig. 27). It is apparently a variation rather
than a variety.

A dextral specimen was taken by Newton on St. Thome.

Group of A. marginata.

The shell is dextral, solid, white or blue- white within, the
columella and parietal wall are whitish, roseate or purple.

2. A. MARGINATA (Swainson). PI. 24, figs. 22, 23 ; pi. 25, fig. 26.

Ovate, solid and strong; yellow, marked with broad streaks
or serrate stripes of rich chestnut or blackish chestnut, and
typically more or less dappled between them; early whorls
pale roseate. There is usually at the periphery an indistinct
line, or a change to darker color below. The surface, nearly
smooth to the eye, or showing faint spiral lines, has a fine
woven texture under the lens Whorls 7, moderately con-
vex, but concavely impressed below the suture, and marked
with one or two grooves, defining a narrow subsutural margin.
The suture is either even or finely crenulate. Apex very
obtuse, the flames beginning on the fourth whorl. Aperture
large, blue-tcliil< inside. Outer and basal mart/ins (.r^niidi d,
thicken<d iri/liin, bevelled. Columella white, very concave,
prominent below.

110 ARCHACHATINA.

Length 100, diam. 59, length aperture 61 mm.

Length 127, diam. 74, length aperture 78 mm.

Length 125, diam. 79, length aperture 84 mm.

West Africa: Guinea (Swainson) ; banks of the Niger.
(Morelet). Gabun and Dahomey (coll. A. N. 8. P.). Kame-
run at Massaka, Mekango, Etome and N'dian (Duzen) ;
Victoria (Buchholz) ; Barombi, Bula (Preuss). Loango
coast. at the mouth of the Quillu, northward from Loango
(Meehow).

Achatiint margin ata SWAINS., Zoological Illustrations i,
pi. 30 (1820-21); Malacology p. 170, f. 23. PER., Conchyl.
Cab. Achatina, p. 328, pi. 29, f. 1 -, Monogr. ii, p. 249; vi, 212.
MORELET, Voy. Welwitch, p. 65, no. 23; Ser. Conch, i, p. 19.
(Gabon). SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll, p.
144 (anatomy). v. MART, in Albers, Die Hel. 1860, p. 201,
with var. gracilior; Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1876, p. 257, pi.
2, f. 1 (living animal) ; Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. 1882. p. 245;
Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin 1891, p. 30, 33.
d'AiLLY, Bihang etc. p. 61, 69 (fig. of teeth).- Helix >n<:r-
ginata RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv, p. 33. Helix amphora
FER., Prodr. p. 50, no. 352 (nude name), and p. 70, where
>." nyinata Sw. is given as a variety.

This abundant species is distinguished by its expanded lip,
large white mouth, relatively smooth surface and obtuse sum-
mit. The type of Swainson seems to have been a small ex-
ample, his figure measuring 104 mm. long. It is white-
mouthed, and rather narrowly striped.

Both size and markings vary widely. The largest shell
before me measures 140 mm. long. If the large form proves
to be varietally separable, it should be called var. amphora
(pi. 25, f. 26). Fig. 22 of pi. 24 represents a young shell
of four whorls, natural sixe.

D'Ailly remarks that there are two forms in the Kamerun.
Tli" larger, \vhicli measures up to 140 mm. long and about 70
wide, is characterized by spiral striation on the upper whorls.
Tin- color is bnnvn flamed, here and there violet, and broken
into dols. The summit and columella generally lack rose
color, the aperture is bell shaped, and the basal margin de-
scends deeply below the columella. The smaller variety is

ARCHACIIATINA. Ill

-u. Var. GRACILICR v. Martens.

Without violet markings; less distinctly striated spirally,
the striae frequently broken into granulation; basal margin
of the lip less deeply arcuate. Columella intense rose or
reddish, golden, the summit of the shell similarly colored.
Length 101, diani. 50, length of mouth 60 mm. Type from
; 'Axim', in South Africa," Albers coll. Also reported from
Kamerun by d'Ailly.

The status of this form requires further investigation.

2b. Var. SUBSUTURALIS Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 25, fig. 25.

Ovate-conic, rather thick, decussate-granulate in the upper
whorls, the last one very smooth; purple at the apex, then
white, under a tawny-buff cuticle, ornamented with close,
narrow, wavy chestnut streaks. Spire conic, rather acute;
suture margined, scarcely crenulate. Whorls 7, a little con-
vex, the last muck exceeding the spire in length. Columella
callous, purple, shortly and abruptly truncate. Aperture
ovate-oblong, white inside; lip blackish within, unexpanded,
arcuate below. Length 42, diam. 26 lines (Phil.).

/:?'//: p.chatina var. marginata DONOVAN, Naturalist's Re-
pository v, pi. 149 (1S27). Achatina sutnralis PHIL., Abbild.
iii. p. 2 .v;. itina pi. '2. fig. 1 (April, 1849). Not Achatina
''.' L8. A. marginata S\v., KKKVE, Conch. Icon,
v. pi. 4, f. 14.

pi's figure, which I have copied, represents a shell not
'!!-!ture. The race is chiefly characterized by its red
columella. Cf. var. gracilior.

3. A. OVUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 24, figs. 20, 21.

- ; he)l ovate, thin, smooth, tawny-buff painted with narrow
reddish streaks, frequently interrupted and maculose. Spire
conic, flesh-colored above, obtuse; suture widely margined.
WI.OI-IN (!, a little convex, the upper ones minutely granulate
under a lens, the last a little longer than the spire, vcntricose.
Columella orange flesh-colored, arcuate-twisted, slightly trun-
cate below. Aperture ample, slightly oblique, broadly angu-
late-ova.l, colored within like the outside, somewhat pearly.

112 ARCHACIIAT1NA.

Peristome simple, thin. Length 65, diarn. 35, apert. 38 x 22
mm. (P/r.).

Habitat unknown. Type from Mus. Cuming.

Achatina ovum PFR., Malak. Bl. v, 1858, p. 238; Novit,
Conch, p. 154, pi. 40, f. 3, 4 (A. arum on plate) ; Monogr.
vi, p. 215.

Known by the unique type only. It is marked externally
like A. rhodostoma Phil.

4. A CUMINGII (Shuttle worth).

Shell ovate-oblong, solid, striate, obsoletely decussate with
punctate lines. Under the cuticle it is whitish-yellow, orna-
mented with broad brown or blackish-chestnut stripes, con-
fluent at the base of the last whorl. Spire ovate, the apex
obtuse, roseate. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last nearly
five-eighths the total length, slightly inflated, the suture mar-
gined. Columella arcuate, rose-tinted basally, obliquely
truncate. Aperture semioval, pearly inside; peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded, somewhat thickened, the margins joined by
a glossy whitish callous. Length 77, diam. 40, aperture
40x26 mm. (Shuttl).

"West coast of Africa (Cuming).

Achatina cumin gii SIIUTTL., Mittheil. der naturf. Ges. Bern,
1852, p. 201. PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 482.

Two specimens examined. It is related to A. suturalis
Phil. (.1. marginata var. columclla rosea of authors), but is
more slender, the columella is more arcuate and the shell much
less inflated. (Shuttl.).

5. A. GREVILLEI (Pfeiffer).

Shell ovate-oblong, solid, striatulate, olivaceous-buff under
a thin brownish cuticle. Spire conic, obtuse ; suture crenulate
widely hnpressed-marginate. Whorls 6 to 7, the upper very
minutely decussate, last whorl longer than the spire, nearly
smooth, obsoletely angular at the periphery. Columella some-
what twisted, purple, narrowly truncate. Aperture slightly
oblique, angulate-oval, pearly- whitish within; peristome thin,
a little expanded, the margins joined by a purple callous,

ARCHACHATINA. 113

paler above, right margin expanded. Length 105, diain. 55
mm., aperture 66x36 mm. (P/r.).

"West Africa: Old Calabar (Cuming coll.).

AcJiatina grevillei PFR., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 138; Malak. Bl.
viii, 1861, p. 78; Monogr. vi, 213.

The systematic position of this species is unknown to
me. It has not been figured.

Group of A. purpurea.

The shell is solid or at least moderately strong, the interior
and columella lilac or purple. Lip usually not expanded.
Liberia to Kamerun.

6. A. VENTRICOSA (Gould). PI. 21, fig. 8; pi. 23, fig. 19.

Shell large, solid, conic-ovate; greenish-corneous, longi-
tudinally obscurely flammulate, granose-reticulate ; spire
conic, whorls G 1 /^, convex, the last ventricose, obtusely carin-
ate; suture subcrenulate. Aperture rounded-ovate, about
three-fifths the length of the shell; lip expanded, thickened
inside, the submargin and columella glossy purple; columella
very arcuate. Length 5, width 3y 2 inches; aperture 3 inches
long, 13,4 wide. (Gld.) .

Closely allied to A. purpurea, but the form is constantly
more ventricose, and by comparing an extensive series, in-
cluding the young, the difference is plainly not accidental.
The color is more mixed with green and less conspicuously
fiammulated, and often flecked with triangular pale spots, and
the aperture more of a blood red. Dr. Perkins says it is
only found in the interior, while A. purpurea is found near
the sea. (Old.}.

West Africa: Liberia, in the interior (Dr. Perkins).

AcJiatina ventricosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p.
195, (April, 1850). 1 A. purpurea REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,
pi. 4, f. 15a. ? Duennschalige Kinkkorn KNORR, Vergnuegen
der Augen und des Gemueths etc. iv, p. 39, pi. 24 * * * ,
f. 1 (1769).

The specimen figured on pi. 23, fig. 19 is not mature. It
is labelled Taboo, W. Africa, and measures, length 87, diam.

114 ARCHACHATINA.

59, length of mouth 59 mm. The last whorl is indistinctly
angular peripherally, and finely decussate-granose throughout.
The larger specimen from Cape Palmas, figured on pi. 21,
fig. 8 is quite solid and heavy, granulose throughout, but
more finely so than A. purpurea. The early whorls are pink.
Length 117, diam. 77, length of aperture 71 mm. ; whorls 6%.
It is much more veutricose than any specimen of A. purpurea,
and is also larger and more solid. The outer and lower mar-
gins of the lip are noticeably expanded.

7. A. PURPUREA (Gmelin). PI. 21, figs. 6, 7.

Ovate, moderately solid. Last two whorls yellow or green-
ish-yellow with indistinct blackish or reddish streaks and usu-
ally scattered dusky dots; first three whorls usually pink.
Surface finely decussate-granulate, the granulation becom-
ing obsolete at the base. Whorls 6 to Qy 2 , convex, impressed
below the suture and scored by a line or lines defining a
sutural margin. Apex very obtuse. Aperture oblique, typi-
cally violet inside, but usually purplish crimson, the lip and
columella of the same color, with a narrow purple-brown
margin.

Length 73 diam. 43, length aperture 41 mm.

Length 89 diam. 56, length aperture 53 mm.

AYest Africa: Liberia, Cape Mesurado to Sino (Rang) ;
Cape Palmas (A. N. S. P.) ; SchiefMinsville (Buttikofer).

Bulla purpurea GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3433 (1790).
-DILLWYN, Catal. i, p. 495. Bulimus purpurascens BRUG.,
Encycl. Meth. i, p. 360 (1792). Helix purpurea FER. and
of RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv, p. 27 (1831). AcJiatina pur-
purea LAM., An. s. Vert, iv, p. 128. POT. et MICH. Galerie
i, p. 130, pi. 12, f. 3, 4. Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 4, f. 15 b.-
KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 292, pi. 2, f. 6, 7. PFR. Monogr.
ii, 253 ; iii, 483 ; iv, 601 ; vi, 213. SCHEPMAN, Notes Leyden
Museum x, p. 247 (1888).

A well known species, remarkable for the deep color of the
interior and columella. The lip is not noticeably expanded.

According to Rang, this is an extremely abundant species
along the Malaguette (Liberian) coast, where it extends for

ARCHACHATINA. 115

a space of over 120 leagues. It is eaten by the blacks but was
not found palatable by Rang. The eggs are yellow and
quite large, the uterus containing four or five.

Mr. Ancey proposes to separate a form found around
Monrovia, Liberia, from A. purpurea, under the new name
A. viridescens. It is described as smaller than purpurea,
more granulose, the last whorl not so high and especially not
so mueh swollen; the aperture is smaller, the peristome less
expanded, margined generally with a band of darker color,
the interior more purple, the cuticle constantly of a glaucous
green. (Bull. Soc. Malac. France v, p. 69, footnote no. 1.
1888). No figure, dimensions, or further information have
been published.

8. A. PORPHYROSTOMA ( Shuttle worth ).

Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, striate and closely decussate
with spiral lines ; olivaceous, marbled with brown streaks and
spots. Spire ovate-conoid, obtuse, purple-rose. Whorls 6,
a little convex, the last slightly inflated, three-fifths the length ;
suture with an impressed margination, crenulate. Columella
arcuate, purple, the base obliquely truncate. Aperture med-
ium sized, semioval, lilac within. Peristome acute, simple,
the margins joined by a very thin, glossy purplish callous,
which spreads inwards. Length 60, diam. 32, apert. 32 x 20
mm. (Shuttl.) .

West coast of Africa ( Cuming) .

Achatina porphyrostoma SHUTTL., Mittheilungen der natur-
forschenden Gesellschaft in Bern aus dem Jahre 1852, p. 201.
PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 483.

Described from three similar specimens but not yet figured.

9. A. RHODOSTOMA (Philippi) . PI. 22, fig. 11.

Shell oblong-conic, rather thick, striate, whitish under a
tawny-buff cuticle, ornamented with close, straight rufous
longitudinal streaks ; spire conic, a little obtuse ; suture little
crenulated, hardly margined ; whorls 6y 2 , a little convex, the
upper ones delicately decussate-granulate, the lower very
smooth, last whorl longer than the spire. Columella very

11(> ARCHACHATINA.

arcuate, purple, obliquely truncate at the base. Aperture
ample, semioval, lilac within, purple near the mouth ; peris-
tome acute, the margins joined by a glossy purple callous
spreading inward. Length 40, diam. 23 lines (Phil.).

West Africa.

Achaiiiut rhodostoma 1*1111,., Abbikl. iii, p. 29, pi. 2, f. 2
(April, 1849). PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 293, pi. 23, f. 3;
Monogr. iii, 484; iv, 601; vi, 213. ? A. purpurea DESK, in
Fer., Hist. pi. 123, f. 1, 2.

According to Philippi, in A. purpurea the suture is con-
spicuously margined while a margin is hardly indicated in
A. rJiodostoma. The surface of purpurea is distinctly and
strongly granulose, even on the last whorl, not at all obso-
letely decussate. His figure is copied on pi. 22, fig. 11. A
number of specimens before me differ from purpurea chiefly
in the almost smooth, not decussate, last whorls, the crowded
streaks, often coalescent, and the paler color of the mouth,
which is rose rather than purple, and paler or lilac in the
throat. The lip is not expanded, nor is it dark-bordered,
as in purpurea. A specimen measures: length 88, diam. 51,
length of aperture 51 mm.

Da. Var. SPLENDIDA Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 22, fig. 12.

Acute ovate, tliick ami Inuri/. Whorls 6 1 /-., the last two
with a distinct sutural margin. Surface minutely, some-
Avhat obsoletely granulose even on the last whorl; irregularly
streaked with brown on a lighter ground, under a thin yellow
cuticle, the spire nmrbled with white and angularly streaked
with brown. Aperture briyht pin I,- inside, with a band of
deeper salmon-pink near the edge, which is bordered ivith
irhite. Columella similarly colored. The outer and basal
margins of the lip are expanded. Length 117, diam. 70,
length of aperture 70 mm.

West Africa (coll. A. N. S. P.).

Achatina purpurea REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 85, pi. 176,

f. 1.

This form was well figured by Reeve many years ago, but
it seems to have been ignored by Pfeiffer, who referred
Reeve's figure to A. purpurea.

ARCHACHATINA. 117

Group of A. knorri.

Shell thin or fragile, not large, usually boldly marked, the
aperture lilac-white or bluish within, the external markings
showing through. Liberia to Kamerun.

10. A. SIDERATA (Reeve). PL 25, fig. 24.

Shell' ovate, thin, olivaceous-yellow, profusely zigzag-
streaked and dotted with chestnut, Surface densely, finely
and distinctly granulose, the granulation becoming obsolete
below the periphery, where it is more glossy. AVhorls 5, con-
vex, the apex large and obtuse. Aperture long-ovate, wide
and effuse below, acuminate above; interior lilac-tinted with
a pearly luster. Columella short, straightened, with a thin
narrow callous colored like the mouth.

Length 55, diam. 32 mm. (Reeve's figure).

Length 48, diam. 27, length aperture 30.5 mm.

West Africa: Cape Palmas, Liberia, (Coll. A. N. S. P.).

Achatina siderata REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 12, f. 38
(March, 1849). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 486. ANCEY, J. de C.
1902, p. 280 (Cape Palmas).

Somewhat related to A. knorrii and papyracea, but more
delicate, and with a different color-pattern.

11. A. PAPYRACEA (Pfeiffer). PI. 44, fig. 1 ; pi. 23, figs. 17, 18.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, obsoletely decussate with longi-
tudinal and concentric strice, diaphanous, fulvous, obsoletely
marbled with chestnut. Spire conic, the apex obtuse; suture
margined. AVhorls SVo, slightly convex, the last scarcely
longer than the spire. Columella nearly straight, reaching
nearly to the base of the aperture, obliquely truncate, orna-
mented with a purple line. Aperture oval, pearly within.
Length 66, diam. 30 mm.; aperture 35x19 mm. (Pfr.).

West Africa: banks of the Nun river, one of the outlets
of the Niger (Cuming coll.).

Achatina papyracea PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 74;
Monogr. ii, p, 254; and ? Conchyl. Ca.b. pi. 28, f. 8, 9.-
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 2, f. 6.

Fig. 1 of pi. 44 represents what I take to be the type

118 ARCHACHATINA.

specimen, after Reeve; ag-eeing with Pfeiffer's original meas-
urements. Figs. 17, 18 on pi. 23 are a smaller individual sub-
sequently figured by Pfeiffer, which differs from the other in
markings and the red columella. The species is known only
by the works of Pfeiffer and Reeve.

lla. Var. ADELINE Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 20, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is shaped like papyracea, much more slender than
knorrii. Early whorls roseate, the last two pale yellowish-
green, sparsely ornamented with deep chestnut flames, very
few of them reaching the suture above, widening downwards.
No subsutural tessellation. Surface smooth and glossy, very
weakly decussate. Aperture less than .6 the shell's length,
the columella short, narrow, quite concave and crimson.
Length 68, diam. 35, aperture 37 mm.

West Africa (coll. A. N. S. P.).

12. A. BATOLI (Morelet) . PI. 22, figs. 9, 10.

Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat ventricose, rather solid,
closely striate and on the upper surface it is cut into oblong
granules by more spaced spiral striae, absent below the
periphery of the last whorl ; glossy, tawny-yellow, irregularly
marked with vivid dark brown streaks, flammules and dots,
widely spaced. Columella slightly arcuate, obliquely trun-
cate, of a bright purple color. Whorls 6y 2 , convex, the last
very obsoletely angular in the middle, longer than the spire.
Spire conoid, obtuse, the nucleus livid, smooth. Aperture
oval, pale lilac within, opaline, and showing the flammules
through. Peristome acute, thin. Length 66, diam. 30, aper-
ture 36x20 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: Assinie (coll. de 1'Ecole des Mines).

Achatina bayoli MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 97,
pi. 1, f. 4.

Related to A. papyracea, siderata, knorrii etc., especially
to papyracea; and like them, from the northern shore of
the Gulf of Guinea.
13. A. KNORRII (Jonas). PI. 20, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell ovate, ventricose, decussate. Deeper rose-colored above,

ARCHACHATINA. 119

becoming whitish below, under a greenish yellow cuticle, ele-
gantly ornamented with longitudinal brown flames, which
widen downwards and become confluent at the base, where
they are blackish. Whorls 6, convex, the lower two girt with
an impressed line below the suture, last whorl longer than
the spire; spire conic, obtuse. Aperture oblong-ovate, white
within,' the lip edged with a brown border ; columella arcuate,
callous, glossy and white. Length 2 inches 11 lines, width
1 in. 8 lines, apert. 1 in. 10 lines (Jonas).

West Africa: Liberia (Schepman) ; Kamerun at Etome
(Dusen) and Bonge (Sjostedt).

Breitwelligte duenne Kinkhorn, KNORR, Vergnuegen etc.,
iii, p. 11, pi. 3, f. 1. Ackatina knorrii JONAS, Archiv f.
Naturg. 1839, i, p. 345. PFR., Monogr. ii, 250; iii, 485; iv,
601; vi, 214; Conchyl. Cab. p. 365, pi. 47, f. 11, 12. SCHEP-
MAN, Notes Leyden Mus. x, 1888, p. 247. d'AiLLY, Bihang
etc. p. 63 (1897). DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Mai. Ges. v, 156.-
Achatina prunum REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 4, f. 13
(Feb., 1849).

The original description is given above. It is a much
smaller, thinner and more delicate shell than A. marginata,
the thin lip is unexpanded, and the surface of the last whorl
is but weakly decussate.

The typical form is obese, with the last l 1 /^ whorls yellow
or greenish-yellow, with wide purple-brown zigzag and
straight stripes, broader and often coalescent below, most
or all of them reaching to the suture above, where most of
them split. The suture has a tessellated border on the last
two or three whorls. The whole spire is commonly dull rose
colored, but rarely pale. The aperture takes in .6 or more
of the total length of the shell. The columella is white or
lead-whitish. A well-grown shell measures, length 72, diam.
39, aperture 43.5 mm.

14. A. CAMERUNENSIS (d'Ailly). PI. 23, figs. 13-16.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, with a silky luster, everywhere
decussate, closely and distinctly granulate, the granules some-
times weaker, though still distinct, below the periphery.

120 COLUMNA.

Olive-buff, ornamented with chestnut-brown longitudinal,
rarely zigzag streaks, sometimes broken into spots, wider be-
low the periphery of the last whorl, and generally confluent
at the base. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, pale rose; suture
obsoletely margined and subcrenulate. Whorls 6, the upper
ones but little convex, the last swollen, more than three-fifths
the total length. Colurnella narrow, above obsoletely twisted-
plicate, bluish below bordered by a white callous, obliquely and
shortly truncate, not reaching to the base of the aperture.
Aperture little oblique, oblong acuminate-oval, bluish-white
inside, with a pearly luster, showing the external stripes
through. Peristonie simple, acute, frequently a trifle ex-
panded, brown-edged within, the margins joined by a very
thin callous, the right margin arcuately produced below the
middle. Length 80 to 90, diam. 40 to 50; aperture, length
47 to 53, width below the middle 25 to 28 mm. (d'Ailly).

West Africa: Etome, Kamerun, 230 meters elev. (Dusen).

Achatina camerunensis D'AILLY, Mollusques terrestres et
d'eau douce de Kamerun, in Bihang till K. Sv. Vet. Akad.
Handl., xxii, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 1-4 (1896).

The distinctive feature of this species is its granulation,
distinct even below the periphery. The flames frequently are
abruptly interrupted at the periphery, only some narrow
branches extending upwards. The suture is margined and
finely crenulate.

Genus COLUMNA Perry, 1811.

Columna PERRY, Conchology, pi. 51.

The shell is imperf orate, oblong-tapering or pillar-shaped;
the protoconch is large, first whorl planorboid, nearly smooth,
those following descend rapidly, are flatly sloping and densely
granose-decussate. The subsequent (post-embryonic) whorls
are convex, either smooth or decussate, and are zigzag-
streaked. The outer lip is thin and simple, the columellar
axis is imperforate, slender, more or less spirally coiled in
the later whorls, and narrowly truncate at base.

The back has throe keels, set with black tubercles. Pos-

COLUMNA. 121

teriorly the foot is flattened above (pi. 44, fig. 7, C. columna,
after Rang) . Egg capsules oblong and a little arcuate, light
yellow, three or four being found in the uterus (pi. 44, fig.
6, C. columna, after Rang). Internal anatomy unknown.

Type C. columna Mull. Distribution, islands in the Gulf
of Guinea. Prince Island is the only well attested locality
for Columna; but on more or less doubtful authority, Cape
Palmas and Grand Bassam, mainland points, have been
given. They live on the ground, under leaves and fallen
wood, in moist valleys in the mountains.

Columna is closely related to Archachatina, from which it
is differentiated chiefly by the lengthening and looser coil of
the whole visceral mass and shell, while meantime the color-
ation and system of sculpture remain unchanged. Archacka-
tina is the acme of its phylum, while Columna is a lateral
branch with phylogerontic characteristics. Insular stocks
often hasten to complete their cycles, perhaps owing to the
stereotyped environments. Most island faunas of any antiq-
uity show an undue proportion of senile types.

Key to Species.

1. Columella projecting in a callous flange above, spirally

ascending, the axis seen to be hollow in a basal view;
surface of shell strongly decussate-granose.

C. columna, no. 1.

2. Columella appressed above, not projecting; no axial hole

seen in a basal view. Surface smooth or nearly so.

a. Shell elongate, the surface very minutely, subob-

soletely decussate. C. leai, no. 2.

b. Shell shorter, the last whorl more gibbous, the sur-

face smooth. C. hainesi, no. 3.

1. C. COLUMNA (Miiller). PI. 46, figs. 5-9.

Sinistral, pillar-shaped, moderately solid ; yellow or dirty
yellowish-white, profusely marked with red-brown stripes,
which on the upper part of each whorl are weak, split and
interrupted or obsolete; the apical whorls being dull and
red-brown. Surface is closely granulose throughout by the

122 COLUMNA.

decussation of fine oblique wrinkles by incised spiral lines.
Whorls 7 to 8y 2 , those of the protoconch flattened, the fol-
lowing convex, with more or less deeply constricting and very
oblique sutures, the last whorl or two more or less compressed
in the middle. Aperture ovate, oblique, white inside. Colu-
mella deeply concave, with a callous fold above and a nar-
row truncation below. Internal column (fig. 8) slender and
imperforate, at first nearly straight, then strongly spiral,
with a projecting callous flange in the last whorl.

Length 96, diam. 18 mm., whorls Sy 2 .

Length 77, diam. 17 mm., whorls 714.

Prince Island: very abundant in the intermediate zone of
the mountains (Rang) ; very common under dead leaves in
the woods (de Folin).

Buccinum columna MULL., Hist. Vermium, ii, p. 151
(1777). -Helix columna GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3653.-
RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat, xxiv, p. 34, pi. 1, f. 1 (living animal).
Bulimus columna BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 332. Acna-
tina columna VOIGT in Cuvier, Thierreich, iii, p. 99. PFR.,
Monogr., ii, p. 268; Conchyl. Cab., p. 302. REEVE, Conch.
Icon., v, pi. 11, f. 38. DESH. in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 168, pi.
123, f. 9, 10. Limax flammeus MARTYN, Univ. Conch., iii,
pi. 122; edit. Chenu, Bibl. Conch., ii, p. 28, pi. 41, f. 1.-
Columna flammea SCHUMACHER, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst, p.
188. PFR., Monogr., iii, 468; iv, 570; vi, 188; viii, 252.-
GIRARD, Jornal de Sciencias Math. Phys. e Nat Acad. Real
das Sciencias de Lisboa (2 ser.), iii, 1893, p. 95. DOHRN,
Malak. Bl., xiii, p. 124 (living animal, eggs, etc.). Helix
pyrum GMEL., Syst Nat (13), p. 3665. Columna grisea and
C. marmorea PERRY, Conchology, pi. 51, figs. 6, 7 (1811).
Lymnea columnaris LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, p. 159; Encycl.
Meth., pi. 459, f. 5. REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 178, f. 14.-
KUESTER, Conch. Cab., pi. 10, f. 10-13. Helix listeri BOLTEN,
Mus. Bolt., p. 108. Columna virgata GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim.,
pi. 302, f. 1.

This remarkable species has been known for many years.
It ordinarily reaches the length of 75 to 80 mm., and prob-
ably never exceeds 100 mm. long. The degree of develop-

COLUMNA. 123

ment of the callous flange upon the columella varies a good
deal in apparently mature specimens. The early whorls are
always more or less worn in adult shells. In the young they
are seen to be densely decussate-granose, exactly as in Archa-
chatina, the initial whorl only being smoothish. Three and
a half whorls are dark reddish-brown; then light stripes
appear, and after another half whorl the adult coloration
sets in, the sculpture at the same time becoming rougher.
The broad spiral trend of the columella causes an axial hol-
low or ''false-umbilicus," which may be seen as a round hole
in a basal view of the shell.

2. C. LEAI Tryon. PI. 46, figs. 12, 13.

''Shell elongate-fusiform, sinistral, smooth, somewhat thick;
whorls 6, obliquely revolving, increasing gradually and some-
what convex, but broadly flattened on the periphery, which
in the last whorl is somewhat impressed ; apex, obtuse ; suture
crenate margined, not deep ; aperture small, narrow-ovate,
the labrum with a slight revolving white callous. Yellowish
with oblique zigzag longitudinal brown stripes. Length 66,
diam. 19 mill.; length of aperture 23, width 19 mill."
(Tryon) .

Prince Island (Dr. J. Wilson, U. S. N.).

Columna leai TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, p. 297, pi.
20, f. 1. PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 252.

Tryon 's original description and figure are given. The
specimens before me (fig. 12) are very similar to C. hainesi
Pfr., with which they agree in coloration: but they differ
in sculpture. Under the lens, C. leai is seen to be finely,
regularly plicatulate, and decussated by close spirals, similar
to C. columna but very much weaker, so superficial in fact
that the surface at first glance looks as smooth as C. hainesi.
The difference in size, emphasized in the original description,
is of small importance, and it is likely that C. hainesi and
leai will be found to intergrade. Specimens of leai measure :

Length 48, diam. 15.5, aperture 18 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 42, diam. 15, aperture 19.5 mm.; whorls 6V,.

124 COLUMN A.

3. C. HAINESI Pfeiffer. PI. 46, figs. 10, 11.

Shell sinislral, oblong-turrite, rather solid; smooth, rather
glossy; corneous-fulvous, painted with dark chestnut bent
and angulated streaks. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse.
The suture has a broad impressed border. Whorls 5%, the
upper ones flat, the last two rather swollen, subcarinate below
the middle, the last whorl about one-third the total length.
Colurnella obliquely truncate, with a thin callous above.
Aperture oblique, semioval, bluish inside; peristome simple,
unexpanded.

Length 44, diam. 17 mm. ; aperture 16 mm. long, 8 wide

West Africa: Cape Palmas (Haines coll.) ; Prince Island
(J. Wilson) ; Grand Bassam (C. de Paiva).

Columna hainesi PFR., Malak. Bl., iii, 1856, p. 256 ;
Monogr., iv, 571; vi, 188; viii, 252. TRYON, Amer. Journ.
of Conch., ii, p. 297, pi. 20, f. 2. GIRARD, Jornal Sci. Math.,
Phys. e Nat., Lisboa, iii, 1893, p. 110.

The figures represent specimens in coll. A. N. S. P. The
protoconch in these shells is exactly like that of C. columna
in shape, of the same dark reddish-brown color, which gives
place to oblique stripes and then, at or near the end of the
fourth whorl, to the adult color-pattern of irregular, oblique
stripes on a yellow ground, the stripes slender or forked at
the upper fourth of the last whorl, hence narrow and numer-
ous on the subsutural region. The surface is smooth, except
for some faint ripples along growth lines, and a few spirals
run along the subsutural depression. There is no callous
flange upon the columerla, which is less sinuous within than
in C. columna. No "false-umbilicus" can be seen in a basal
view. The columella is very narrow, and varies a good deal
in curvature.

Length 40, diam. 16, length of aperture 15 mm.

Length 37, diam 14.5, length of aperture 15 mm. ; whorls
6i/ 2 .

These shells are labelled "Prince I." and "Cape Palmas."
The type was from the Haines collection, New York City.

I
CALLISTOPLEPA. 125

Species of other genera described as Columna.

Columna bulinica Spix. = Thaumastus Man. Conch., x, p.
55 (Bulimulida} .

Columna ramentosa J. G. Cooper = Plicolumn a in Buli-
mulida?, Man. Conch., xi, p. 153.

Columna calif ornica &nct. = Rliodea.

Columna aciculoides Crist, & Jan., Catalogus. Mantissa,

*

p. 2 = Cecilioides.

Columna miliaris C. & J., /. c. = Cecilioides.

Columna clavula Villa = Opeas.

Columna dentiens Villa = Azeca.

Columna eximia Shuttl., Pfr. = Clavator.

Columna teres Meek & Hayden, Report of the U. S. Geol.
Survey of the Territories, ix, 1876, p. 555, pi. 44, f. 11.

Columna vermicula M. & H., t. c., p. 556, pi. 44, f. 12,
with var. contraria Meek, p. 557. This form and the pre-
ceding, from the Laramie of the Upper Missouri, Fort Union
Group, are much smaller than the recent Columnas, with
more numerous whorls; they have the apex small and acute,
and therefore cannot belong to Columna as that genus is
now restricted. There is absolutely no reason to believe them
at all related to this African genus.

Genus CALLISTOPLEPA Ancey, 1838.

Cullisioplepa ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, v, 1888,
p. 69, foot-note no. 2, type A. shuttleworthiana Pfr. Gano-
////'< /ox D'AILLY, Moll. terr. et d'eau douce de Kameroun, p.
68 (1896). Callistopepla ANCEY, Nautilus, xii, p. 92. type
A. shuttleworthi (Dec., 1898).

Shell ovate-conic, very lltin. subdiaphanous, slightly glossy,
corneous, with a varnish-like luster, ornamented with red-
dish stripes, zigzag or angularly bent forward at the suture
and periphery, and usually minutely speckled with white.
Spire conic, the apex mamillate, obtuse. Whorls about 6, a
little convex, the nucleus smooth, the rest very closely rib-
plicnic and finely striate spirally; the embryonic whorl sep-
arated by a channelled, plicate suture, the rest with an im-

126 CALLISTOPLEPA.

pressed suture. Last whorl inflated, tapering below, longer
than the spire. Columella slightly inturned, straight or mod-
erately arcuate, obliquely truncate.

The foot is long and tapering, with a triangular flattening
above with serrate-crested margins. Mantle streaked and
maculate with black and brown, showing through the shell.

The radula has nearly straight transverse rows, the cen-
tral teeth are about as large as the laterals; centrals and
laterals unicuspid, marginal teeth with small ento- and ecto-
cones developed.

Eggs elliptical, small, oval, with a chalky-white granulate
calcareous shell.

Type Ackatina shuttleworthi Pfr. Distribution, West
Africa : Grand Bassam to Karnerun, and in the Congo Valley.

The summit of the shell is rather mamillate, the nucleus
smooth, following embryonic whorls with the sculpture of the
rest of the shell. The paper-like tenuity of the shell, its
peculiar gelatinous luster, the thread-like vertical sculpture
and the system of coloration, all separate this group from
Achatina. The narrow foot is a further distinguishing
character, but the radula shows a much greater differentia-
tion: the central tooth is wide, as in Helicidce, in striking
contrast to almost the entire series of Achatinoid genera, in
which as a rule it is very much reduced in size.

The eggs are white, not yellow as in Achatina and its near
relatives. An individual of C. barriana opened by d'Ailly
contained 14 eggs measuring 6y 2 to 7 mm.

This genus was proposed by Ancey in 1888 with only a
brief definition. It was independently recognized and placed
upon a firm basis, in 1896, by Adolf d'Ailly, to whom we
owe our knowledge of its generic characters.

The name Callistopepla, "most beautiful garment," was
misspelled in Ancey 's original note, Callistoplepa; but un-
fortunately another name was proposed before it appeared
in the amended form. It is impossible to truthfully quote
Callistopepla earlier than 1898; and I am therefore com-
pelled to adopt the name as originally spelled. An author
who proposes new genera in foot-notes, misspells the names

CALLISTOPLEPA. 127

both of his new genus and of its type, and gives only the
scantiest of descriptions, cannot expect to appear to the best
advantage in subsequent works.

1. C. SHUTTLEWORTHI Pfeiffer. PL 47, figs. 18, 19, 20.
Shell ovate-conic, very thin, submembranaceous, very

closely chordate-plicate, silky, corneous, banded with rufous
spots 'at the suture and periphery, the rest of the surface
streaked with pale rufous. Spire conic, obtuse. Whorls 5y 2 ,
a little convex, the last a little longer than the spire. Colu-
mella rather narrow, compressed, obliquely truncate at the
base. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval; peristome simple,
thin. Length 34, diam. 17, aperture 19x11.5 mm. (Pfr.) .

Length 27, diam. 14.5 mm. (d'Ailly).

West Africa : Grand Bassam ( Verreaux) ; Kamerun at
Bonge and N'dian (Sjostedt).

Achatina shuttleworthi PPR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 34 ; Monogr.,
iv, p. 603. Ganomidos shuttleworthi (Pfr.) D'AILLY, Moll,
terr. et d'eau douce de Kameroun, Bihang, etc., xxii, 1897,
p. 69, pi. 3, f. 11-14.

D'Ailly remarks that the diagnosis given by Pfeiffer does
not mention the spots of pale whitish-yellow which give the
shell a beautiful appearance. They have an enamelled,
opaque appearance, and occur almost exclusively at the apices
of the arrow-shaped spots of the characteristic peripheral
and subsutural girdles. They are produced by the transfor-
mation of the substance of the fine riblets, while the spaces
between these riblets retain the general color of the shell.
The surface is often corroded on these spots. The axial
sculpture is very strongly developed and regular, while the
spiral striae are extremely fine.

2. C. BARRIANA (Sowerby). PL 47, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.
Shell ovate-conic, thin, corneous, banded with small brown

spots at the suture and periphery, and sprinkled here and
there with small whitish spots. Spire conic, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 6, a little convex, the upper ones smooth, the rest very
densely lirate, lira? rugose; last whorl longer than the spire,

128 C ALLISTOPLEPA .

inflated. Aperture ample, slightly oblique; peristome simple,
thin; coluniella lightly inflexed, obliquely truncate. Length
43, diam. 23, length of aperture 24, diam. 14 mm. (Sowb.).

A light shell of elegant form, sculptured with very fine,
close, corrugated ridges. The body-whorl is sprinkled with
small, white, flake-like spots (Sowb.).

Length 59, diam. 33 mm. (d'Ailly).

Calabar? (Sowb.). Kamerim: Bonge (Dusen, Sjosted),
Itoki, Kitta (Sjosted), Bibundi (Jungner), Barombi
(Preuss).

Achatina barriana SOWB., P. Z. S. Lond., 1889, p. 579, pi.
56, f. 2. v. MARTENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, 1891, p. 30. Ganomidos barrianum (Sowb.-) D'AILLY,
Bihang, etc., p. 69 (dentition), 70, pi. 3, f. 5-9.

The spiral striation is especially well developed in this
species, while the oblique axial sculpture is not so strong or
regular as in the preceding. The pattern of coloring is the
same as in C. shuttlewortJii, but less distinct; the whitish
spots are very small and scattered all over the surface, but
of the same nature as those of C. shuttlewortJii. Mr. Sow-
erby's type was not full-grown. The above notes and the
figures are from d'Ailly.

3. ('. PELLUCIDA (Putzeys). PL 43, figs. 3, 4.

Shell imperf orate, ovate, of papery consistence, corneous,
hardly glossy. Spire conic, a, little contracted at the end,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, painted with
brown wavy flames, sometimes zigzag; the first 5 whorls reg-
ularly granulate, the last whorl inflated, roughened by
growth-wrinkles, decussate down to the periphery. Aperture
oval, the lip acute; columella arcuate, margins joined by a
very thin callous. Length 40-45, diam. 121-26, length of aper-
ture 23-28 mm. (Putzeys).

Congo Free State: forest of Piani Kapuri, in the zone of
Manyema.

Ganomidos pellucid u* PUTZ., Ann. Soc. Boy. Malac. de
Belgique, xxxiii, 1898, p. Ixxxiv, f. 20, 21 (Dec. 15, 1899).

Xot unlike C. barriana, but no white dots are mentioned,
and there seem to be no spot-girdles at suture and periphery.

CALLISTOPLEPA. 129

4. C. FRATERCULUS (Dupuis et Putzeys). PI. 47, fig. 23.
Shell thin, fragile, corneous, imperforate, globose-turrite,

the apex obtuse; hardly shining; deep brownish-olive, indis-
tinctly painted with red-brown spots and streaks, somewhat
flame-like, and yellow-bordered on one side. Whorls 5y 2 to
6, a little convex, the embryonic smooth, following whorls
longitudinally rudely striate; the last whorl indistinctly sub-
angulate, wrinkled like the preceding, and sometimes en-
circled with more or less regularly placed lirae ail over. Aper-
ture oval, the lip acute, bluish within ; columella brown, some-
times whitish within, twisted, arcuate, and obliquely trun-
cate. Length 47, diam. 27, length of aperture 27 mm. (D.
& P.).

Congo Free State: Island of Moula, on the Lualaba (P.
Dupuis).

Ganomidos fraterculus D. et P., Ann. Soc. Roy. Hal. Belg.,
xxxv, 1900, Bull, des Seances, p. xiii, f. 18 (June 15, 1901).

5. C. MARTELI (Dautzenberg). PI. 47, figs. 21, 22.

Shell thin and fragile, subpellucid, ovate-elongate. Spire
conoid, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, separated
by an impressed suture, the first very delicately punctate,
the rest decussated with strong oblique growth-pi icre cut by
transverse striss. Transverse strise close below the suture,
more remote towards the lower part of the whorls, and evan-
escent below the periphery of the last whorl, which is espec-
ially glossy below and anteriorly. Aperture piriform, two-
thirds the total length. Columella a little arcuate, truncate
below. Lip simple, arcuate and acute.

Color yellow, lightning-streaked with brown longitudinal
flammules, which are much wider on the last whorl. The
aperture is milk-white towards the margin within, but in the
throat is subpellucid, showing the external markings through.

Length 64, diam. 32, length of aperture 36, width 22 mm.
(Dautz.}.

Var. pallescens Dautz. (pi. 47, fig. 22). Early whorls yel-
low, wholly destitute of flames; last whorl ornamented with
pale, hardly visible flammules (Dautz.}.

130 HOMORUS.

Congo Free State, in the region of Lake Tanganyika (R.
P. Guilleme).

Achatina marteli DAUTZ., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belgique,
xxxvi, 1901, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 1, and var. pallescens, f. 2.

The photographic figures, copied on my plate, do not show
the color-markings of the shell.

Genus HOMORUS Albers, 1850.

Homorus ALB., Die Heliceen 1850, p. 196, sole species
Achatina cyanostoma. Edit. 2, p. 200, in part. not Homorus
Reichenb., Handbuch Spec. Orn. p. 172 (1853). KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab. 1 Bd., lOte Abtheil., p. 87, 1894.

Shell imperforate, rather thin, turrited-conic, the spire usu-
ally a little contracted near the summit, which is obtuse and
rounded, the embryonic shell being subcylindric, the whorls
smooth at the suture (except in the subgenus Subulona) .
Post-embryonic whorls smoothish, typically covered with a
colored, brown-streaked cuticle. Aperture Achatinoid, the
columella concave, truncate below.

Jaw rather strong, with numerous (21) flat ribs, and cov-
ered with strong vertical stria3 (pi. 62, figs. 15, 16,
H. cyanostoma, after Jickeli). Radula has 44.1.44 teeth;
centrals narrow, with a blunt, trilobate cusp without notice-
ably reflexed points. Lateral teeth large, with the mesocono
acute, ento- and ecto-cones well developed (pi. 62, fig. 17,
H. cyanostoma, after Jickeli).

Type H. cyanostoma. Distribution, tropical Africa.

Homorus differs from Achatina by the small size and sim-
ple coloration of the long-spired shell; but more fundament-
ally by its obtuse, rounded or bulbous apex, and shortly cyl-
indric embryonic shell. Pseudoglcssula is closely related, and
has been ranked as a subgenus of Homorus by Kobelt; but it
has some special characters which it may be best to signalize
by generic rank. Homorus differs radically from Trichodina
in the form of the early whorls.

There is at present no definite division between Homorus
and Subulina. A large series of African species have been
arbitrarily placed in one or the other genus; and the data

ABYSSINIAN HOMORUS. 131

necessary for the classification of these forms remain still
to be investigated.

Homorus pfeifferi of Kobelt's monograph, p. 90, is an
Achatina; see p. 24 of this volume.
The species are arranged thus :
Abyssinian species

Typical group, species 1, 2.
'Group of H. darnaudi, species 3 to 10.

Subgenus Subulona Martens

Species of the Lake region and East Africa, 11 to 20.
West African species, 21 to 34.

Abyssinian Species.
(Typical Group.)

1. H. CYANCSTCMA ('Ruppell' Pfr.). PI. 58, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell turrited, the apex obtuse ; buff variegated with longi-
tudinal brown streaks. Whorls 9 to 10, rather flat, the last
slightly exceeding one-third the length of the shell. Colu-
mella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture oblong-oval,
milk-white inside; peristome simple, blue-margined. Length
48, diam. 15 mm. ; aperture 18 mm. long, 8.5 wide in the
middle (Pfr.).

Northeast Africa: Abyssinia (Riippel).

Achatina cyanostoma Ruppell Mss., PFR., Symbola? ii, p.
58 ; Conch. Cab. p. 336, pi. 29, f . 8, 9 ; Monogr. ii, p. 259 ; iii,
498 ; iv, 608 ; vi, 228 ; viii. 282. REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 13, f .
44. MARTENS, Malak. Bl. 1865, p. 182, 200; 1866, p. 95.-
MORELET, Voy. Welwitsch, p. 40. Homorus c., ALBERS, Die
Hel. 1850, p. 196 ; edit. 2, p. 200. KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 88, pi.
24, f. 1. POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., xiii, 1888, p. 73.-
Siibulina cyanostoma BECK, Index p. 76. JICKELI, Moll. Nord-
Ost-Afr. p. 147, pi. 2, f. 7 (dentition). EOT., Malac. Abyss,
p. 120. Glandina cyanostoma PHILIPPI, Abbild. i, p. 134,
pi. 1, f. 4.

The apex is rather large, rounded, the first whorl a trifle
sunken at the tip, rapidly increasing, the next whorl or two

132 ABYSSINIAN HOMORUS.

scarcely increasing, forming a somewhat cylindric summit,
and giving the upper part of the spire an attenuated appear-
ance. The chestnut-brown streaks begin on the fifth whorl.

2. H. RAGAZZII Pollonera. PI. 58, fig. 51.

Shell imperforate, turrited-subulate, closely and irregularly
longitudinally striate, fragile, lucid. Spire pale corneous;
last whorl corneous, sparsely marked with brown longitudinal
streaks. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last nearly one-half the
total length. Aperture piriform, acutely angular above;
cohimella arcuate, suboblique and shortly truncate; outer lip
straight, acute. Length 16.5, diam. 5.5 mm. (Poll.).

Northeast Africa: Eutoto, Ilavash Valley, Abyssinia, a
single specimen under a stone (Dr. Ragazzi).

Homorus ragazzii POLL., Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xiii, 1888,
p. 74, pi. 3, f. 10 (shell), 16 (teeth).

Differs from H. cyanostoma by its much smaller size, rela-
tively less lengthened and less acute spire, and fewer dark
si ; ipes, which are restricted to the last whorl.

Group of H. darnaudi.

Pale, glossy corneous or greenish-yellow shells without
brown streaks; the surface usually distinctly striate, early
whorls smooth.

These forms might as well have been left in Subulina, from
which they differ chiefly in being larger; but it is not easy
to draw a line between them and still larger, opaque, brown-
streaked forms, which are not likely to belong to Subulina.

3. H. VERNICOSUS (Jickeli). PI. 58, figs. 43, 44.

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, longitudinally irregularly
striate, decussated with very fine spiral lines at the base of
the last whorl, with a varnish-like gloss; uniform greenish-
yellow. Spire long, the apex rather obtuse, papillate ; whorls
12, a little convex, separated by a rather deep, oblique suture,
the last whorl descending, one-third the total length. Aper-
ture oblique, piriform, acutely angular above, dilated basally.
<!olumella arcuate, obliquely truncate; peristome simple, thin,

ABYSSINIAN HOMORUS. 133

straight, the margins joined by a superficial callous. Length
55, diam. 13, aperture alt. 16, width 6.5 mm. (Jick.}

Northeast Africa: between Genda and Asmara, prov.
Hamaszen, Abyssinia, under dead leaves in crevices of the
rocks.

Stenogyra vernicosa JICK., Malak. Bl. 1873, p. 103.
Subutina vernicosa BGT., Malac. Abyss, p. 120. Subulina
antinorii Morel., JICKELI, Moll. Nord-Ost-Afr. p. 145, pi. 2,
f. 6 (jaw and teeth) ; pi. 5, f. 29 (shell).

This fine species differs from H. cyanostoma in color, and is
larger than any of the other species. Jickeli finally united
it with antinorii Morel., a course considered erroneous by
Bourguignat.

4. H. ANTINORII (Morelet). PI. 58, fig. 50.

Shell imperforate, turrited, thin, smooth, slightly striate,
under the lens very finely decussate; glossy, unicolored corn-
eous -fuhous. Spire elongated, the apex rather obtuse,
papillate. "Whorls 10, a little convex, joined by a deep suture,
the last whorl slightly exceeding one-third the total length.
Columella lightly arcuate, obliquely truncate, not reaching
the base. Aperture oblong, biangular ; peristome simple, thin,
unexpanded, the margins joined by a superficial callous.
Length 31, diam. 9 mm. ; aperture 11 mm. long, 4 wide
(Morel.}.

Northeast Africa: Dubur-Chair, a mountain in the Mensas
country, between the Bogas and the Sanhar, Abyssinia
(Issel} ; Nefasit and Ghinda, Erythrasa (Gen. Boccard).

Achatina antinorii MORELET, Annali del Museo Civico de
Storia Naturale di Geneva, iii, p. 199, pi. 9, f. 9 (1872).-
PFR., Monogr. viii, 284. Homorus a., KOBELT^C. Cab., p.
100. Siibulina a., POLLONERA, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat.
Comp. Univ. Torino xiii, no. 313, p. 7.

5. H. DARNAUDI (Pfeiffer). PI. 58, figs. 52, 53.

Shell turrited, rather thin, nearly smooth, irregularly obli-
quely striatulate, subdiaphanous, pale corneous; spire elon-

134 ABYSSINIAN HOMORUS.

gate, the apex rather obtuse; suture lightly impressed, some-
what margined. Whorls 11 to 12, the upper ones convex,
the following rather flat; last whorl slightly more than one-
fourth the total length, attenuated below. Columella very
arcuate, narrowly truncated at the base of the oblique, sinu-
ate-oval aperture. Peristome simple, the right margin some-
what arched forward. Length 35, diam. 7.33 mm. ; aperture
9 mm. long, 4 wide (Pfr.).

Northeast Africa: Sennaar (D'Arnaud).

Achatina (Subulina) darnaudi PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p.
169; Novit. Conch, i, p. 81, pi. 22, f. 7, 8; Monogr. iv, p. 611.
Subulina darnaudi JICKELI Moll. Nord-Ost-Afrikas, p.
137. Uomorus darnaudi KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 110.

6. H. VARIABILIS (Jickeli). PI. 58, figs. 45, 46.

Shell imperforate, subulate, very delicately striated longi-
tudinally, opaque, waxy-corneous. Spire elongated, the apex
slightly mamillar; suture oblique, rather deep, sometimes
submarginate. Whorls 10, convex, the last descending, one-
third the length or more. Aperture suboblique, pi ri form,
acuminate above, widened at the base ; columella arcuate, long,
obliquely truncate, the lip thin, acute, sometimes covered with
cuticle. Length 25.5, diam. 7, height of mouth 7.25, width
4 mm. ; penult, whorl 4.5 mm. high, 6 wide (Jickeli) .

Northeast Africa : plateau of Asmara, Abyssinia, under the
bark of fallen candelabra Euphorbias ( Jick.) ; Nefasit, Ery-
thraea (Gen. Boccard).

Stcnogyra variabilis JICKELI, Malak. Bl. xx, 1872, p. 105.
Subulina variabilis JICKELI, Moll. Nord-Ost-Afr. p. 139, pi.
5, f. 23-25; pi. 2, f. 4 (dentition of var. 3). Achatina vari-
abilis PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 287. Homorus v., KOBELT, Conch.
Cab. p. 101. Subulina v., POLLONERA, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed
Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino xiii, no. 313, p. 8.

Besides the typical form, Jickeli distinguishes two varieties,
which Bourguignat has elevated to species and named as
below. Pollonera states that the specimens collected by Gen.
Boccard at Nefasit show intergradation between these forms.

ABYSSINIAN HOMORUS. 135

Var. Ihotellerii Bgt. PI. 58, fig. 47.

This form has only 5 whorls, wider in proportion to length
than in varidbilis, a shorter columella, the outer lip always
with a cuticle bending inwards. Length 20, diam. 7, aperture
7.5 mm. high, 4 wide; penult, whorl 4 mm. high, 5.33 wide.
Asmara plateau, about 7200 ft. elev.

S. varidbilis var. B., JICK. t. c. p. 140, pi. 5, f. 24.
8. Lhotellerii BGT., Moll. Egypte, Abyss., etc. p. 10 (1879) ;
Malac. Abyssinie, p. 121.

Var. jickelii Bgt. PI. 58, fig. 48.

This variety has 11 whorls, and is distinguished by its largo
size, thin shell of a greenish color, larger embryonic whorl and
higher last volution. Length 30, diam. 7, height of aperture
7.25, width 4 mm. ; penult, whorl 5 mm. high, 6 wide. Col-
lected on the way from Genda to Asmara (Jick.).

Jickeli has described and figured the jaw and teeth of this
form.

S. v. var. C., JICK., t. c. p. 140, pi. 5, f. 25; pi. 2, f. 4
(dentition) . Siibulina jickelii BGT., Moll. Egypte, Abyss, etc.,
p. 10 (1879) ; Malac. Abyss., p. 121.

7. H. ANGUSTATUS (Jickeli). PI. 58, figs. 54, 55.

Shell imperforate, subulate, longitudinally striate under the
lens, vernicose, waxy greenish (?). Spire elongate, the apex
a little obtuse; suture suboblique, rather deep, seen to be
submarginate under a lens. Whorls lO 1 /^, somewhat convex,
the last descending, more than one-fourth the total length.
Aperture oval, acutely angular above, widened and receding
at the base. Columella rather deeply arcuate, subobliquely
truncate ; lip curved, thin, acute. Length 24, diam. 5.75, alt.
apert. 5.5, width 3 mm. ; penult, whorl 3.75 mm. high, 3
wide (Jick.).

Northeast Africa: Ravine of Asqaq, near Nakfa, in the
Habab range, Abyssinia.

Stenogyra angustata JICK., Malak. Bl. 1873, p. 104 ; Reise-
bericht p. 60. Sululina angustata JICK., Moll. Nord-Ost-

136 ABYSSINIAN HOMORUS.

Afrika's, p. 143, pi. 5, f. 27. Homorus a., KOBELT, C. Cab.
p. 102.

Differs from a variety of Subulina dunkeri which agrees
in general appearance, by the greater number of whorls in a
less length, the varnish- ike gloss and more acute apex. It is
smaller than subidata, with about the same number of whorls
and a shorter mouth (Jickeli).

8. H. SUBULATUS (Jickeli). PI. 58, figs. 58, 59.

Shell imperforate, subulate, rather solid, thin, longitudin-
ally srbcoctrlr.te-striate, the last whorl, under a lens, lightly
wrinkled spirally; pale greenish; suture somewhat oblique,
submarginate. Whorls 11, subplanulate, the last one-fourth
the length, descending, the base tapering. Aperture very
oblique, narrowly oval, acutely angular above, the base slightly
receding. Columella subarcuate, obliquely and rather shortly
truncate ; outer lip somewhat arching forward above ; basal
margin narrow. Length 27, diam. 6.5, alt. aperture 7.5,
width 3 mm. ; penult, whorl 4 mm. high, 6 wide (Jick.).

Northeastern Africa : On the road from Genda to Asmara,
and near Mekerka, on the Toquor, prov. Hamaszen, Abyssinia,
under the bark of logs.

Stcnogyra subidata JICKELI, Mai. Blatt. 1873, p. 104.
Sululina subidata JICKELI, Moll. Nord-Ost-Afr. p. 141, pi. 2,
f. 5 (dentition) ; pi. 5, f. 26 (shell). EOT., Malac. Abyss, p.
121. Acliatina subidata PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 291. Hom-
orus s., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 102.

This species is narrower than the typical form of variabilis
Jick., and differs from the third variety, C., by its spiral
wrin'dc;, narrower mouth, less convex whorls and thicker
shell.

9. H. SUAVEOLANS (Jickeli). PI. 58, figs. 56, 57.

Shell imperforate, subulate, under a lens seen to be longi-
tudinally very finely striate, very glossy, hyaline, waxen.
Spire turrited, the apex rather obtuse ; suture deep, somewhat
margined. Whorls 9, swollen, the last scarcely equaling one-
third the total length, very slightly angular at the periphery.

ABYSSINIAN IIOMORUS. 137

Aperture piriform, acutely angular above; columella slightly
arcuate, horizontally and shortly truncate; outer lip unex-
paiided, acute. Length 21, diam. 7, alt. aperture 7.5, width
4 mm.; penult, whorl 3.75 mm. high, 4 wide (Jick.}.

Northeast Africa: Between Genda and Asmara, prov. Ham-
aszen, Abyssinia, under bark of a dead candelabra Euphorbia.

Stcnogyra suaveolans JICK., Malak. Bl. 1873, p. 104; Reise-
bericht p. 38. Subuliua suaveolans JICK., Moll. Nord-Ost-Afr.
p. 144, pi. 5, f. 28. BGT., Malak. Abyss, pp. 82, 121. Achat-
ina s., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 291. Homorus s., KOBELT, C.
Cab. p. 103.

The animal is fragrant. Jickeli placed the single speci-
men found, which was closed with a strong, thin, chalky,
flat epiphragm, in alcohol. When the epiphragm was broken
an agreeable odor, recalling oil of roses, poured out. As the
specimen was preserved in the same alcohol with other
Subulinas, the fragrance must have proceeded from the animal
itself, and not from the alcohol. Examples of ill-smelling
land snails are already known (see Martens, Nachrichtsblatt
Deutsch. Mai. Ges. 1871, p. 201).

10. H. PERRIERIANUS (Bourguignat) . PI. 58, fig. 49.

Shell imperforate, elongate-subulate, rather solid, some-
what opaque, slightly shining, somewhat greenish corneous;
quite strongly striatulate except the first three whorls which
are paler and smooth. Spire long, subacuminate, obtuse at
the summit; apex obtuse, the embryonic whorl very minute.
Whorls 9, rather convex, slowly increasing, separated by an
impressed suture ; last whorl moderately rounded, one- fourth
the total length, a little descending in front. Aperture
oblique, subovate-rounded, milky within; peristome unex-
paiided, acute, black-edged ; the terminations joined by a glossy
callous. Columella short, robust, strongly arcuate and
abruptly truncate at the base. Length 26, diam. 7, alt. aper-
ture 6.5 mm. (Bgt.)

Northeast Africa: High plateau of Anderta, Abyssinia
(Raffray).

1 33 SUBULONA.

Subulina perrieriana BGT., Malacologie de 1'Abyssinie, p.
81, pi. 9, f. 64, (1883).

Notable for the swollen whorls, glossy, well striated shell,
small rounded aperture with the columella very much arched
and the lip bordered with black.

Subgenus SUBULONA Martens, 1889.

Subulona MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil iii, p. 9, for S. badia,
lent a and solidiuscula. Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. 1895, p.
184, for 8. silvicola, and p. 185, includes S. castanea and mam-
boicnsis. Beschalte Weichthiere Deutsch Ost-Afrika, p. 118
(1896 ?).

Shell long, turrited, the upper part of the spire more or
less attenuated ; apex obtuse, rounded, the first whorl smooth,
the next two whorls sculptured with sharp, short folds below
the suture (or with this sculpture wanting) ; subsequent
whorls covered with a colored cuticle which is more or less
streaked with brown. Aperture small, Achatinoid.

Type S. badia. Distribution, tropical Africa from the west
coast to the Great Lakes.

Subulona was originally proposed in 1889, and again (as
new) in 1895. In 1896 von Martens, still treating it as a
section of Subulina, defines the group as "large species with
glossy brown epidermis. Similar to Homorus, but the last
whorl smaller." No mention is made of the presence or ab-
sence of subsutural plicae on the embryonic shell, but the
figure of 8. badia seems to indicate them. I have therefore
selected that species as type of the group.

It seems likely, however, that species with smooth sutures
on the embryonic shell will also be found to belong in the
same group with those having crenulate sutures, since in some
cases there are very minute crenulations, apparently the
vestiges of former sculpture, while still other species have gone
further and have lost all trace of a ribbed ancestral type. In
actual practice, at the present time it is impossible to fully
utilize the embryonic characters in classification, for the reason
that they are not mentioned in most specific descriptions.

Species no. 19, 26 to 33 and perhaps some others have plicate

EAST AFRICAN HOMORUS. 139

sutures between the embryonic whorls. These pliefe are
vestiges of ribs such as those on the embryonic shell of
Pseudoglcssula.

Species of the Lake Region and E. Africa.
11. II. CASTANEA (Martens). PI. 60, figs. 85, 86.

Shell 'turrited club-shaped, with weak vertical striation and
chestnut-brown, somewhat streaked glossy cuticle, pale yellow
under it. Whorls 8-9, scarcely convex, the first small, rather
globular, forming a blunt, wart-like apex, the following whorls
regularly increasing, with impressed sutures, the last whorl
rounded below. Aperture approaching ovate, only a little
oblique, whitish within; outer lip thin, margined with black-
ish, scarcely arcuate; basal margin broadly rounded; colu-
mellar margin arcuate, distinctly truncate below (Martens').

Length 47, diam. 13.5, aperture 12 x 8.5 mm. ; whorls 9.

Length 54, diam. 15, aperture 14x8. mm. ; whorls 10.

Length 37, diam. 13, aperture 11.5 x 7 mm. ; whorls 8
(davata) .

East Africa: Runssoro, at about 2500-3800 meters, in moss
of an Ericina woods, and in bamboo forest; also Wembere
Steppe (Stuhlmann).

Subulina castanca MARTS., Sitzungsbr. d. Ges. Nat. Freunde,
1895, p. 129 ; Beschalte Weichthiere p. 118, pi. 5, f . 7, 8, and
var. davata, p. 119, f. 9.

The shell, according to von Martens, is rather variable in
proportion of length to breadth, of a usually brilliantly glossy
chestnut-brown color, with more or less dark streaks, some-
times lighter yellowish streaks also. Of spiral striae there is
only something to be seen on the uppermost whorls. There is
a more club-shaped form (var. davata, fig. 86), which in-
creases in diameter more rapidly from the beginning, and a
more elongated (typical, fig. 85) less rapidly widening. In
the more club-shaped shells the height of the last whorl, meas-
ured behind, is more than one-third that of the shell; in the
elongated shells it is somewhat less than one-third.

140 EAST AFRICAN IIOMORUS.

12. H. MAMBOIENSIS (Smith). PI. 60, fig. 83.

Shell elongate, subulate, somewhat club-shaped; white, cov-
ered with a yellowish and streaked epidermis. Whorls 10,
a little convex, slowly increasing, striated with oblique, deli-
cate growth-lines and under a lens seen to be sculptured with
close microscopic spiral lines. Suture oblique, rather deep;
apex mamillar. Aperture whitish, subovate, a little acuminate
above and below, one-fourth the total length; columella arcu-
ate, covered with a thin white callous, abruptly truncate in
front ; lip ihin, regularly curved. Length 46, diam. 13.5 mm. ;
aperture 11.5 long, 6.5 wide (Smith}.

East Africa: on the plains within 50 miles of Mamboya
(Last) ; Lukwangale Mt., in central Uluguru (Stuhlmann).

Stenogyra (Subulina) mamboiensis SM., Ann. and Mag.
N. H. (6), vi, 1890, p. 158, pi. 5, f. I6.Homorus m., KOB.,
C. Cab. p. 104. Subulina (Subulona) m., MARTENS. Beschalte
Weichthiere, p. 119, with varieties nitida and circumstriata,
pi. 5, f. 10.

An egg from one of the specimens in elongate-ovate and
5 mm. in length (Smith). It differs from 8. castanea chiefly
by the attenuation of the early whorls, producing a cylindric
summit. Two varieties are described by Prof, von Martens,
as follows :

Var. nitidus Martens.

Cuticle strongly glossy, pale yellow with numerous dark
brown streaks; suture from the fifth to seventh whorls on-
ward, distinctly accompanied by a furrow, producing a
grr.nose sutural border. Only 2 specimens, probably not
full grown, agreeing in size, length 29, diam. 9, aperture
8 mm. long, 4 wide; whorls 7 to 8; and a larger but badly
preserved shell. Migere in Butumbi, in old forest (Dr.
Stuhlmann).

Var. circumstriatus Martens. PI. 60, fig. 82.

Cuticle dark brown, with lighter, yellowish streaks, not
glossy; very distinctly and sharply striate spirally. Length
.32, diam. 11 mm.; aperture 10 mm. long, 5 wide; whorls 10.

EAST AFRICAN HOMORUS.

In bamboo forest, about 2600 meters elev., Runssoro (Dr.
Stuhlmann). Compare the following species.

13. H. LAGARIENSIS (Smith). PI. 60, fig. 84.

Shell elongate, rather thin, whitish under a very thin buff
cuticle; spire produced, mamillate at the apex; whorls 9, a
little convex, sculptured with delicate, slightly oblique
growth-lines, 3 to 4 later whorls spirally striate, more or less
decussate. Aperture inversely auriform, hardly one-third
the total length; lip thin, arcuate. Columella somewhat
twisted, covered with a thin callous, narrowly truncate in
front. Length 31, diam. 10 mm. ; aperture 9.5 long, 5 wide
(Smith).

British East Africa: Lagari (Mr. Stewart Betton).

Subulina lagariensis SM., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. VI, p.
69, fig. IV (March, 1904).

Allied to S. mamboiensis Smith, but smaller, with shorter
and more convex whorls, and sculptured with spiral striae
upon the last three or four whorls, a character which is ab-
sent in that species. As in mamboiensis, the periostracum
here and there is indistinctly streaked with brown. The lines
of growth are rather stronger just below the suture than upon
the rest of the surface of the whorls, and have almost a
puckered appearance." (Smith).

14. H. SILVICOLA Martens. PI. 60, fig. 87.

Shell turrited, rather slender, glossy, corneous-yellow, the
apex obtuse; whorls 11, the second, third and fourth slightly
convex, the diam. scarcely increasing, smooth ; the following
whorls slowly and regularly increasing, nearly flat, lightly
striatulate, sculptured with recurved pliciform stria? below
the suture, and painted with a few brownish varices ; the last
whorl subangular, rapidly tapering below. Aperture ovate
rather oblique, occupying two-ninths the length; outer margin
thin, nearly straight, basal margin rounded, columellar mar-
gin very arcuate, dilated, distinctly truncate at the base.
Length 52, diam. 12, length of aperture 11.5, width 7 mm.
(Mar Li.}.

142 EAST AFRICAN HOMORUS.

East Africa: Forest region between Albert-Edward and
Albert-Nyanza Lakes: between the Ngesi and Mwutan, etc.
(Stuhlmann) .

Siibulina (Subulona) silvicola MARTENS, Nachrbl. d. d.
Malak. Ges. 1895, p. 184; Beschalte Weichthiere p. 119, pi.
5, f. 20.

Intermediate between mamboiensis and usagarica, being
like the first in size and color, and resembling the latter in
the slimmer, less rounded form, and the sculpture.

15. II. USAGARICUS (Smith). PI. 60, fig. 81.

Shell slender, subulate, glossy ; whitish subpellucid, more or
less covered with an olivaceous brown cuticle. Spire attenu-
ate above, obtuse at the apex. Whorls 15, the apical ones
slightly convex, the rest flattened, slowly increasing; growth-
lines oblique, arcuately subplicate above at the suture ; suture
slightly crenulate and oblique; last whorl subquadrate.
Aperture acute oval, one-sixth the total length. Columella
arcuate, truncate in front, covered with a thin callous. Length
37, diam. 7 mm.; aperture 7 mm. long, 3.5 wide (Smith).

East Africa: Usagara (Bishop Hannington) ; Kidete
(Emin Pasha).

Stenogyra (Siibulina) usagarica SM., Am. and Mag. N. H.
(6), vi, p. 158, pi. 5, f. 17.

This is a very elongate species with almost flat whorls.
The subplicate lines of growth, especially on some of the
upper volutions, give the sutural line a somewhat crenulated
appearance. S. foxcrofti Pfr. from Sierra Leone has longer
and more convex whorls and they are fewer in number.
(Smith}.

16. H. SOLIDIUSCULUS (Smith). PI. 60, fig. 88.

Shell elongate, subulate, rather solid, imperforate, white,
covered with a thin olivaceous epidermis, obliquely striated by
the lines of growth which are crossed by shallow spiral
stria? producing a somewhat granose or wrinkled surface.
Lateral outline rectilinear, slowly converging, apex obtuse,
truncated. Remaining whorls 8 in number, very slightly

EAST AFRICAN HOMORUS. 143

convex and slowly increasing, separated by a rather horizon-
tal, simple, distinct suture. Aperture short, and the colu-
mella curved. Probable length of a perfect specimen 52
millims; actual length of shell, consisting of eight volu-
tions, 43 mm., diam. 11; aperture 9 long, 5.5 broad. (Smith).

Near Lake Tanganyika (Thomson).

Subulina solidiuscula SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1880, vi, p.
428; P. Z. S. 1881, p. 285, pi. 33, f. 16.

This species and the next probably will prove, when the
apices are examined, to belong to Subulona.

"Of this interesting form only a single specimen was ob-
tained. It is comparatively solid for a shell of this genus, and
also remarkable on account of the very elongate form and the
exceptionally slow increase of the volutions. The apex of
the shell is obtusely truncated, but this may be the result o
an accident in this instance, and not a constant specific char-
acter. The spiral or transverse stride are but feebly im-
pressed, but crossing the fine lines of growth give them a
crinkled appearance." (Smith).

17. H. LENTUS (Smith). PI. 60, fig. 79.

"Shell subulate, imperforate, very slowly enlarging, very
elongate and narrow. AVhorls ? (probably 11 or 12), very
slightly convex, covered with a thin, glossy, pale olivaceous
epidermis, varied at intervals with darker oblique stripes.
Suture simple, rather oblique and deepish. Sculpture con-
sisting of fine oblique and feebly flexuous lines of increment,
faintly puckered at the upper extremity. Aperture small,
occupying less than one fifth of the entire length. Columella
very arcuate, abruptly truncated at the lower extremity.
Probable length 41 mm., actual length of seven remaining
whorls 36 ; diameter of the last whorl 7 l / 2 , of the penultimate
7, of antipenultimate 6V 3 ; aperture 7y 2 long, 4 broad."
(Smith).

Near Lake Tanganyika (Thomson).

Subulina lenta SM., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 428
(1880) ; P. Z. S. 1881, p. 284, pi. 33, f. 15. BGT., Moll, de
TAfrique Equatoriale etc., p. 114, pi. 5, f. 5 (1889).

144 EAST AFRICAN HOMORUS.

"The brevity of the aperture in proportion to the total
length of the shell, its narrow elongate form, and the slow
increase of the whorls constitute the chief characteristics of
this species. Spiraxis bistorta of Pfeiffer has a considerable
resemblance to it but has more convex whorls, a longer aper-
ture, and a different columella. " (Smith).

Bourguignat states that this species occurs on the penin-
sula of Ubuari, which projects from the west side of Tan-
ganyika. It is very rarely found entire, he writes, the early
whorls being almost always wanting. When entire the ex-
cessively elongated spire is pyramidal, with 17 or 18 whorls
(pi. 60, fig. 80).

18. H. CYLINDRACEUS (Bourguignat) . PI. 57, figs. 29, 30.

Shell very long cylindric, rather solid, somewhat opaque,
slightly shining, uniform corneous-buff ; striatulate and at the
suture crispulate. Spire very much produced, cylindric,
scarcely tapering, obtuse at the summit. Whorls 17, convex,
closely coiled, separated by a rather deep suture; the last
whorl moderate, convex. Aperture suboblique, ovate; peris-
tome unexpanded, acute; columella short, slightly curved,
abruptly truncate below; outer margin straight, slightly re-
treating; parietal callous rather thick. Length 37, diam.
5, alt. apert. 5, width 5 mm. (Bgt.).

East Africa: Ubuari peninsula, west side of Tanganyika,
in woods.

Subulina cylindracea BGT., Moll, de 1'Afr. Equatoriale,
p. 115, pi. 5, fig. 2, 3 (1889).

This singular Subulina, resembling a Rhodea, is so long that
it is almost always broken ; but with the fragments it is easy
to reconstruct it (Bgt.).

19. II. JOUBERTI (Bourguignat). PI. 57, fig. 31.

Shell slender, very long, cylindric, translucent, pale buff,
well striated, crispate at the suture. Spire much produced,
cylindric, a little tapering, at the summit obtuse and as if
mamillate. Whorls 12, convex, closely coiled, separated by
a deep suture, the last whorl minute, convex. Aperture

EAST AFRICAN HOMORUS. 145

oblique, ovate; peristome unexpanded, acute; columella short,
curved, abruptly truncate; with no parietal callous. Length
20, diain. 3.5, alt. aperture 3.5, width 2.5 mm. (Bgt.).

East Africa: Wooded districts of Ubembe, on the west
coast of Tanganyika.

Subulina joiiberti BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat. p. 115, pi. 5,
f. 4 (1889).

t

20. H. SOWERBYANUS (Morelet). PI. 59, figs. 72, 73, 74.

Shell imperforate, subulate-turrite, thin, smooth, glossy,
striatulate, deep chestnut-colored. Spire elongate, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 11, plano-convex, joined by an impressed
suture, the last whorl scarcely one-fifth the total length.
Columella short, slightly arcuate, obliquely truncate, not
reaching the base. Aperture small, oblong-semioval, sub-
angulate at the base; columellar margin straightened, the
other simple and unexpanded. Length 32, diam. 7 mm.
(Morel.) . Length 33.5, diam. 7 mm. ; whorls 11% (Specimen) .

Near Tanganyika (Sowerby.).

Stenogyra soiverbyana MORELET, Journ. de Conch. 1890, p.
67, pi. 1, f. 3. Homorus s., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 114.
Subulina (Subidona) s., MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere
p. 120.

The original figures, one of which is copied in my fig. 74,
do not represent the type specimen, but a much smaller one.
Figs. 72, 73 are from a specimen similar to the type. The
color is yellowish-brown with scattered narrow dark oblique
streaks. The whorls are moderately convex, finely, irregularly
striate, and under the lens are seen to be decussated on the
last 5 or 6 whorls. The last whorl is not angular, but there is
an obscure line at the periphery giving it an angular appear-
ance. Below this line it is extensively denuded in front.
The cylindric embryonic shell consists of 3% whorls, the
first one smooth, then begin short, acute subsutural folds,
rather widely spaced on the second and third whorls, but be-
coming more crowded on the last part of the embryonic shell,
the termination of which is indicated by an oblique brown
line (see pi. 59, fig. 73) .

146 HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA.

West African Species.

21. H. OLEATUS (Martens). PL 57, figs. 32, 33.

Shell eonic-turrite, thin, vertically striatulate, with an oily
luster, yellowish. Apex rather obtuse ; whorls 8, the first and
second globose, smooth, the following whorls regularly in-
creasing, somewhat convex, the suture simple ; last whorl ovate.
Aperture one-third the total length, subvertical, obliquely
pirif orm-elliptical ; peristome thin, the columellar margin very
arcuate, transversely truncate at the base; parietal callous
very thin. Length 22. diam. 8, length of aperture 7.5, width
4.5 mm. (Marts.).

West Africa: Bonjongo, Camroons. (Buchholz).

Stenogyra oleata MARTS., Monatsbr. K. P. Akad. Wissen-
schaften zu Berlin, 1876, p. 261, pi. 3, f. 9-11. Homorus
oleatus KOBELT, Conch. Cab. p. 106.

Nearest to suaveolens Jick. among knoAvn African forms,
but the spire is more slender, the aperture narrower. Of the
total length of the shell, one-third is measured to the insertion
of the outer lip ; the penult, and next earlier whorls comprise
another third, while the rest of the volutions complete the
last third. (Marts.)

22. H. FOXCROFTI (Pfeiffer).

Shell cylindric-turrite, rather solid, irregularly striatulate;
whitish under a deciduous corneous cuticle. Spire turrited
above, the apex obtuse, then cylindric; suture subcrenulate.
Whorls 121/0, a little convex, the last scarcely one-fifth the
total length, rounded basally; columella arching forward, dis-
tinctly and narrowly truncate. Aperture oblique, oval;
peristome simple and unexpanded. Length 35, diam. 6.5 mm. ;
aperture 6.5 mm. long, 3.66 wide (Pfr.).

West Africa: Sierra Leone (Cuming coll.).

Achatina foxcrofti PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 25; Malak. Bl.
1861, p. 78; Monogr. vi, p. 231.

Unfigured ; and known only by the above description.
Probably belongs near involuta.

HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA. 147

23. II. PATTALUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 59, figs. 65, 66, 67, 68.

Shell turrited, with rather straight spire, only very slightly
attenuated above, terminating in a large, very obtuse apex;
thin but moderately solid; yellowish olive, profusely and
irregularly, obliquely streaked with brown and blackish-
brown, the embryonic 3% whorls clear olive. Surface some-
what glossy showing a weak, coarse striation in places, and
when highly magnified a dense, wavy spiral striation, weakly
and shortly plicate below the sutures. Whorls 9%, weakly
convex, the first forming the rounded, half-globular summit;
first 3y 2 to 3% whorls smooth and glossy, with only faint
subsutural crenulation, cylindric, terminated by an oblique
dark streak. Last whorl sharply angular in immature shells,
becoming rounded in adults, the angle still noticeable in front
of the aperture, but continued merely as a dark line. Aper-
ture acutely ovate, the columella very concave, very narrow,
truncate ; parietal wall not at all calloused. Length 37, diam.
9 mm. ; length of aperture 9, diam. of third whorl 3 mm.

West Africa: Cape Palmas, Liberia, (A. N. S. P.).

Distinguished by its large smooth embryonic shell, obsoles-
cence of the peripheral keel in adult shells, and for the small
number of whorls in its length.

24. H. NIGELLUS (Morelet). PI. 57, fig. 34.

Shell subulate, slender, finely striolate, glossy, dark brown.
Spire elongate, the apex rather mucronate ; suture impressed,
in places denticulated by the strias. Whorls 12, plano-convex,
the last one small, obtusely angular below the middle, nearly
one-fifth the total length. Columella arcuate, obliquely trun-
cate. Aperture small, semioval, whitish within; peristome
simple, thin, unexpanded. Length 17, diam. 3 mm. (Morel.)

West Africa : Presidio of Pungo-Andongo, in moss on the
banks of the Rio Casabale (Welwitsch).

Achatina nigella MOREL., Voy. Welwitsch p. 80, pi. 5, f.
3 (1868). PFR., Monogr. viii, 287.

The shell is engraved with fine, oblique, irregular striae,
which become more emphatic and even pliciform near the

148 HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA.

suture. The color is chestnut-brown, glossy and uniform
(Morel.).

25. H. NEBULOSUS (Morelet). PI. 57, fig. 37.

Shell turrited, thin, smooth, glossy, buff-corneous, a wide
paler band along the suture. Spire very straight, gradually
tapering, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 15, planulate,
joined by an impressed suture, the last slightly angulated at
the base, nearly one-fifth the total length. Columella arcu-
ate, obliquely truncate. Aperture oval, biangular, the outer
margin simple, unexpanded. Length 27, diam. 5 mm.
(Morel.).

^Yest Africa : Landana, above the mouth of the Congo river.

Stenogyra nebulosa MOREL., Journ. de Conch. 1883, p. 400,
pi. 10, f. 5. Subulina nebulosa CROSSE et FISCHER, in
Grandidier, Madagascar, Moll., pi. 24, fig. 3, a, b.

According to Morelet this species closely resembles Subu-
lona fraseri (==involuta) ; the two being of the same size, and
alike in polish, luster and nearly so in color; but nebulosa
is thinner, more slender, more regularly increasing, with 15
whorls, which are smooth, very glossy, etc. I do not know
why this species has been figured among the mollusks of
Madagascar.

26. II. MARTENSI Dupuis et Putzeys. PL 60, fig. 78.

Shell solid, a little shining, elongate, subulate; pale-buff
or whitish, covered with a chestnut epidermis, painted with
transverse blackish flames. Whorls 11, the second depressed-
convex, forming a mamillar apex with the first whorl; fol-
lowing whorls rather convex, slowly and regularly increas-
ing, striated with very fine oblique growth lines, here and
there iregularly plicate transversely; decussated with numer-
ous inequidistant microscopic spiral striae; the last whorl is
indistinctly subangulate -, suture oblique, rather deep, usually
margined below. Aperture blue-whitish, a little acuminate
above, slightly exceeding one-fifth the length of the shell.
Columella regularly arcuate, covered with a very thin white
s, anteriorly abruptly truncate. Lip thin, regularly

HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA. 149

curved; peristorne in adults generally edged with black.
Length 55, diarn. 14, alt. of aperture 12, width 7.5 mm.
(D. et P.).

Congo: Nsendwe (P. Dupuis).

Subulina (Subulona) martensi DUP. et PUTZ., Bull, des
Seances Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg. 1901, p. xxxvii. f. 9.

"This species especially approaches the Subulona castanea
var. davata v. Marts.; but in that the penult, whorl is com-
paratively higher for its length, and it is more glossy. More-
over, the number of whorls in our species exceeds that given
for 8. castanea." (D. et P.)

The animal is uniform dark gray and the foot is small.
It is viviparous.

27. II. BADIUS (Martens). PI. 60, fig. 75.

Shell turrited, imperforate, closely and finely decussate,
rufous-brown with rare black-brown streaks, glossy. Whorls
11, slightly convex, separated by an impressed, crenulated su-
ture, the first two forming a short apical cone, the third,
fourth and fifth whorls subequal, the following whorls slowly
increasing. Last whorl slightly angular on a line with the
end of the suture, tapering beneath. Aperture quite oblique,
lanceolate-ovate, occupying two-ninths the shell's length.
Parietal wall and columellar margin deeply sinuated, green-
ish-yellow, the columella obliquely truncate below. Length
63.5, diam. 13.5, aperture length 13, diarn. 9 mm. (Marts.}.

Congo river.

Stenogyra badia MARTS., Conchologische Mittheilungen iii,
p. 8, pi. 38, f. 13, 14 (Dec. 1889).

Nearest allied, von Martens writes, to Subulin'k lenta Edg.
Smith, from the neighborhood of Tanganyika, but is dis-
tinct by its decussate sculpture and granose suture, as well
as by the somewhat stronger inflation of the last whorl.
These two and the 3u~b. soUdiuscula E. Smith, seem to form
a special African group of species, differing from other
Subulinas by the size, dark coloring and distinct epidermis,
and which may be distinguished by the term expressive of
enlargement, Subulona.

150 HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA.

28. H. INVOLUTUS (Gould). PI. 59, figs. 70, 71.

Shell turrited, elongate, the apex mamillate; imperf orate,
brownish ; whorls 12, lightly striate, the upper four subequal,
the last whorl carinated; suture impressed, very minutely
crenulated. Aperture ovate, a sixth the length of the spire ;
columella arcuate, involute, forming a tube. Length 1.1,
width .25 inch. (Gld.) .

West Africa: Cameroons at Bonge and Itoki (d'Ailly) ;
Cape Palmas, Liberia; on the banks of the Nun river (Fraser,
type loc. of A. fraseri) ; Sierra Leone at Freetown (Wel-
witsch) ; Togoland at Bismarckburg (Buettner).

A slender, club-shaped shell, brown with irregularly-spaced
narrow darker streaks, the apex obtuse, rounded, rather large,
several whorls following not increasing in diameter. The
first whorl is smooth; the second has sharp, narrow, short
and widely spaced folds below the suture. On the third
whorl these folds are somewhat reduced. The whole pro-
toconch consists of nearly 3 l / 2 whorls. At the beginning
of the post-embryonic growth the surface becomes somewhat
dull, contrasting with the glossy protoconch, and at the suture
it is rather finely crenulate or puckered (pi. 59, fig. 70).

Achatina involuta OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1843,
p. 158. REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 88. PFR., Monogr. iii,
p. 500; Conchyl. Cab. p. 343, pi. 37, f. 21, 22.Pseudo-
glessula involuta d'AiLLY, Bihang, p. 109. Achatina fraseri
PFR., Symbols? iii, p. 90 (1846) ; Monogr. ii, p. 263
PHILIPPI, Abbild. ii, p. 216, pi. 1, f. 6. REEVE, C. Icon, v,
pi. 16, f. 71. Subulina involuta MARTS. Mittheil. aus d. d.
Schutzgeb., vi, Heft, 3 (1893).

Gould's description is given above. Adolf d'Ailly has
more fully described this species thus : ' ' Shell turrited-subu-
late, the apex cylindrical, rather obtuse, subpapillar; irregu-
larly striate, polished, whitish-greenish, here and there
streaked with darker, under a corneous-brown cuticle, usu-
ally worn off of the apertural side; under the lens hardly
visibly striate spirally and very densely. Spire-subconcave
towards the apex, the rest subcylindric, whorls 13, the first
and second subglobose, smooth, the suture regularly and dis-

HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA. 151

tantly crenulated ; following whorls plano-convex, irregularly
plicate-crenulate at the suture, the last whorl not one-fourth
the total length, subangular below, the angle darker. Colu-
mella arcuate, abruptly truncate, white-margined. Aperture
subtetragonal-semioval ; peristome thin, unexpanded, simple.
Length 31-32.5, diam. 6 mm.; aperture 6 mm. long, 3.5 wide
(d'Ailly}.

The spiral sculpture mentioned by d'Ailly in the above
description of Cameroon shells, I have not been able to trace
in the series of specimens before me from Cape Palmas,
which was the original locality of involuta. Pfeiffer's A.
fraseri presents no differential characters, and was recog-
nized by him as equivalent to involuta.

29. H. OPEAS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 59, figs. 60, 61, 62.

Shell turrited, veiy slender, the upper part of the spire
much attenuated with slightly concave outlines ; thin ; dark
brown, with numerous oblique narrow darker streaks, the
apex yellowish brown. Surface lusterless, nearly smooth,
very faintly marked with growth lines; under the suture it
is very weakly and shortly plicate. Whorls nearly 12 ; apex
obtuse ; first whorl very convex, with deep suture ; its first half
smooth ; then short, strong, narrow folds appear below the
suture; they are rather widely spaced, and continue two
whorls, then become finer and much closer, and abruptly stop-
ping at the end of the embryonic shell of 3^ whorls (pi. 59,
fig. 62). The whorls are all quite convex, the last one en-
circled with a narrow, acutely raised peripheral keel ; in front
of the aperture it is partially denuded of cuticle. Aperture
ovate, bluish inside. Columella somewhat arcuate, abruptly
truncate at base. Outer and basal lips thin and acute.
Length 19.7, diam. 4.4 mm. ; length of aperture 3.7 mm. ; diam.
of embryonic shell (3d. whorl) 1.4 mm.

West Africa: Cape Palmas (A. N. S. P.).

This awl-shaped species is far more slender and attenuate
than H. involuta. It has a more projecting keel, smaller aper-
ture and more pronounced subsutural crenulation. It is a
somewhat wider shell than 77. nigella Morel., and differs from

152 HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA.

H. nebulosa Morel, in color, the attenuate spire, strong
peripheral keel, etc.

30. H. SUBCRENATUS (Boettger).

Shell large, not rimate, turrite, club-shaped, thin, glossy,
corneous-yellowish, covered with a brownish cuticle irregu-
larly ornamented with numerous obsolete darker streaks ;
darker towards the aperture. Spire cylindric-turrite, the
apex mucronate, cylindric, obtuse. Whorls 12, very slowly
increasing, wider tha.n high, a little convex, separated by a
slightly impressed suture, distinctly crenate from the be-
ginning, striatulate, the strife deeper and more distinct at
the suture; the last whorl well rounded, its height one and
one-half times that of the penultimate whorl, and, scarcely
one-fourth the length of the shell; the base usually worn.
Aperture irregularly ovate, more acute above than below.
Columella slender, deeply concave, sigmoid, abruptly truncate
at base, deeply excised and canaliculate, the margins joined
by a thin callous. Length 54, diam. 13.5, diam. of third
whorl 3 mm.; alt. of aperture 13, width 7.5 mm. (Bttg.}.

West Africa: Akkra on the Gold coast (E. St. Vraz).

Pseudoglessula subcrenata BTTG., Nachrbl. d. d. Malak. Ges.
1892, p. 202.

"Differs from the West African Pseudoglessula species
known to me by the blunt, cylindric summit set upon a some-
what club-shaped shell, the suture from the apex on appear-
ing very strongly crenulated. These sutural denticles gradu-
ally diminish, but usually are lost only on the last whorl to-
wards the mouth " (Bttg.).

31. II. BACILLIFORMIS (Jonas). PI. 59, fig. 69.

Shell long-turrited, narrow, thin, fragile, milk-white cov-
ered with a buff cuticle, longitudinally striated. Whorls 9
(the upper ones broken), a little convex, slowly increasing,
separated by an impressed suture, which is seen to be crispate
under a lens; the last whorl small. Aperture small, oval;
columella arcuate, truncate ; lip simple. Length of specimen
broken above 11.5, width of last whorl 2.5 lines [about 23 x 5
mm.] (Jonas).

HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA. 153

West Africa : Guinea.

Achatina bacilliformis JON., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 13 ;
and in Philippi, Abbild. etc. ii, p. 215, pi. 1, f. 8. PFR.,
Monogr. ii, p. 264; iv, 611.

Described from a specimen with the apex broken off.
Pfeiffer remarks: "The shell, like many land shells from
Guinea, is very delicate, fragile and with a silken luster, very
finely and delicately striate, the whorls rather flat, the last
one short; the columella is pretty well-curved and strongly
truncate. ' '

The spire seems more straightly conic than in involuta and
its immediate allies.

32. H. DECOLLATUS (Morelet). PI. 59, figs. 63, 64.

Shell decollate, thin, cylindric-turrited, greenish-corneous,
pellucid, glossy, marked with obsolete, irregular oblique
streaks. Suture minutely denticulate in the early whorls of
entire shells, in the rest submarginate. The 5 l /o whorls re-
maining are rather flattened, slightly contabulate, the last ob-
tusely angulate at the periphery, two-sevenths the total length.
Columella -arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture moderate,
acutely oval, the margins simple and unexpanded. Length
30, diam. 9 mm. (Morel.}.

West Africa: Gabun (Marche and de Cornpiegne).

Achatina (Stenogyra) decollata MORELET, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1873, p. 330. PFR., Monpgr. viii, p. 286. Steno-
gyra invalida MOREL., J. de C. 1885, p. 23, pi. 2, f. 15, a. &.

This species was named decollata on account of its re-
semblance to Eumina decollata. The two shells at adult
age are truncated at the same height, ordinarily leaving 4
whorls. In the Gabun species the spire begins to be truncate
when the shell attains a length of 13 mm. The partition
which stops the breach is analogous in the two species.
Morelet subsequently changed the name of this species to pre-
vent confusion with the European R. decollata L. ; but no
change was necessary.

33. H. PYRAMIDELLA Martens.

Shell conic-turrite, lightly striatulate, glossy; gray- whitish,

154 HOMORUS, WEST AFRICA.

marked with numerous unequal brown streaks. Whorls 9,
equally increasing, very slightly convex, the upper three uni-
colored whitish, more strongly striate, the first small, oblique,
second globose, more distinctly costulate, the last whorl
rounded basally. Aperture rhombic-oblong, acutely angu-
lar above, the outer lip thin, slightly arcuate ; the basal margin
rounded; columellar margin thickened, a thin callous cover-
ing the columellar and parietal margins. Length 16, diam.
6.5, length of aperture 5, width 4 mm. (Marts.)

West Africa: Buea, Kamerun, in old forest, especially on
Marattia fraxinea (Dr. Preuss).

Achatina (Homorus) pyramidella MARTS., Sitzungsber.
Gresellschaft naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 15 nov., 1892,
p. 181. Of. Beschalte Weichthiere D. O.-Af., p. 116
Homorus (Pseudoglessula} p., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 114.

From the description of the apex, translated above, I would
be disposed to place this species in Pseudoglessula, following
Kobelt; but the pale and streaked coloration is unlike that
group. Moreover, von Martens has emphatically stated that
it is not a Pseudoglessula.

34. H. LUGUBRIS (Morelet). PI. 60, figs. 76, 77.

Shell turrited, solid, closely and irregularly granose-striate,
silky, chestnut-blackish obscurely striped with darker streaks.
Spire elongate, the apex rather obtuse. Suture impressed,
crenulate. Whorls 14, subplanulate, the first smooth, sum-
mit pale corneous, the rest decussate with hair-like striae,
larger at the sutures, and inconspicuous transverse impress-
ions; the last whorl angulate at base, less than one-fifth the
total length. Columella short, curved, abruptly truncate.
Aperture small, oblong, violaceous within; peristome simple,
unexpanded, the columellar margin denuded of cuticle, buff.
Length 61, diam. 10, length of aperture 11 mm. (Morelet.}

West Africa : Landana, above the mouth of the Congo.

Stenogyra lugubris MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1883, p.
399, pi. 10, f. 4.

This species is remarkable for the large number of whorls,
fourteen, and the solid texture. It is covered with a fine,

CERAS. 155

crowded, irregular costulation with the exception of the first
four whorls, which are smooth except for a short and elegant
sutural denticulation.

Genus CERAS Dupuis et Putzeys, 1901.

Ceras D. et P., Bulletins des Seances, Societe Royale
Malacologique de Belgique, 1901, Seance du 6 juillet, p.

xxxviii.

"Shell thin, covered with a very thin cuticle. Embryonic
first whorl at first obliquely ascending, then horizontally in-
voluted over the left part of the spire, forming an excentric
concave apex. Following whorls numerous, slowly increasing,
flattened, forming a long, subulate spire. Last whorl trun-
cate-carinate, the keel projecting, bimarginate. Columella
regularly very concave, abruptly truncate in front. Aper-
ture subquadrate, the lip simple." (D. et P.}.

The two species known are viviparous, those examined
containing fifteen or twenty embryonic shells. This char-
acter, the uniform gray color of the animal and its small
foot, are similar to Siibulona martensi, and both differ from
the true Subulinas of the same region, which are oviparous,
with the animal outwardly yellow or yellowish and the foot
is more lengthened. (D. et P.}

Type C. dautzeribergi. Distribution, Congo basin.

This group is known to me only by the above description.

1. C. DAUTZENBERGI Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 44, fig. 3.

Shell very glossy, translucent, covered with a chestnut
epidermis, irregularly marked transversely with dark lines.
\\liorls 12, sculptured with delicate oblique, usually wavy
growth-lines and occasional folds, and numerous inconspicuous
spiral strias. Length 30, diam. 6, length of aperture 4.5,
width 3 mm. (D. et P.).

Congo: Nsendwe (P. Dupuis).

C. dautzenbergi D. et P., t. c., p. xxxviii, f. 10.

2. C. MANYEMAENSE Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 44, figs. 4, 5.
Shell a little glossy, translucent, pale buff -gray. Whorls

156 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

12, densely decussated with delicate oblique growth-lines
and numerous spiral strife. Length 34.5, diarn. 7, length of
aperture 6, width 3.5 mm. (D. et P.)

Congo: Nsendwe (P. Depuis).

C. tnanyemaense D. et P., t. c., p. xxxviii, f . 11, 12, 13 ; with
var. cingulata, p. xxxix.

Distinguished from C. dautzenbergi by the less glossy shell,
the spire forming a less acute cone, and especially by its more
emphatic sculpture.

Var. cingulatum D. et P. It is distinguished by a double
brownish narrow band parallel to the suture on the upper
part of the whorls of the spire. It inhabits the same local-
ity as the type (D. et P.).

Genus PSEUDOGLESSULA Boettger, 1892.

Pseudoglessula BTTG., Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Mala-
kozoologischen Gesellschaft, xxiv, p. 202, Dec. 1892, for
A. calabarica Pfr. and its allies. d'AiLLY, Contributions a
la connaissance des Mollusques terrestres et d'eau douce de
Kameroun, in Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar,
xxii, pt. iv, no. 2, p. 100 (1896).

Shell imperforate, ovate or oblong-turrited, rather thin,
ribbed or rib-striate, covered with a thin brownish or green-
ish cuticle which is often partially worn off the apertural
side. Apex obtuse, rounded, the tip more or less turned in;
two embryonic whorls vertically ribbed or reticulate. Last
whorl with a thread-like or subobsolete peripheral keel,
smoother below it. Columella concave, truncate at the base;
outer lip thin, simple or perceptibly expanded.

Teeth (pi. 62, fig. 18, P. leroyi, after v. Marts.) with the
centrals narrow, unicuspid ; inner lateral tooth bicuspid.

The anatomy is otherwise unknown. P. calabarica is ovo-
viviparous, most of the other species are oviparous; the eggs
are markedly oblong, very pale yellow, or white, and lie
obliquely in the oviduct.

Type P. calabarica (Pfr.). Distribution, tropical Africa.

The aperture, especially in the East African forms, is re-
markably like that of Glessula. In a few species from the

PSEUDOGLESSULA. 157

Oreat Lake region the columellar truncation is subobsolete ;
and some additional forms now classed as Buliminus may be
found to belong to Psfudoglessula.

It is to be regretted that d'Ailly, who had an abundance of
alcoholic specimens, did not describe the anatomy. Von
Martens' figure of the teeth of Ps. leroyi does not show the
marginal teeth intelligibly but the central and lateral teeth
are Achatinoid, and differ from those of Homorus in wanting
an inner cusp on the lateral tooth. Dupuis' observations
on the external features of P. humicola, are given under that
species (sp. no. 8). The flat, bifid tail and bordered foot
(pi. 62, fig. 26) are remarkable features; but that species
may not be a true Pseudoglcssula.

In P. retifera the pale whitish yellow eggs measure
4x2% mm. ; in P. sjostedti they are pure white, mat,
5x3 mm.

West African Species.

Embryonic whorls vertically ribbed, species 1 to 9.
Embryonic whorls reticulate-pitted, species 10 to 12.

1. P. CLAVATA (Gray). PI. 61, figs. 11, 12.

Shell lanceolate, thin, pellucid, white; whorls 11 or 12,
rather convex, closely concentrically grooved ; last with a
spiral, slightly-raised keel, and smooth in front; the apex
club-shaped, with more distant, sharp and elevated ridges
(Gray}.

West Africa: Sierra Leone (Mr. Speck, type loc. of
clavata) ; Old Calabar (Cuming coll., type loc. of A. cala-
barica) ; Kamerun at Etonie, Bomaiia, N'dian, Bonge, Isowi,
Buea, Bibundi, Bonjongo (Buchholz, Sjostedt, and others).

Acatina clavata GRAY, The Magazine of Natural History
etc., conducted by Edward Charlesworth F. G. S., i, new ser.,
p. 487 (Sept. 1837). PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv: ii, p. 260; iii,
498; iv, 609; vi, 230. REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 72.-
Pseudoglessula clavata d'AiLLY, Bihang, p. 100, f.1-4.
Achatina calabarica PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 832;
. vi, p. 229. Rtenoyym c., MARTENS, Monatsbr. K. P.

158 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

Akad. Wissensch. 1876, p. 260, pi. 3, f. 5, 6.Pseudoglessula
c., BTTG., Nachrbl. d. d. Malak. Ges. 1892, p. 202.Homorus
(Ps.) c., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 93, pi. 22, f. 3, 4 (1894).

Gray's original description, given above, is without dimen-
sions. Pfeiffer in the second volume of the Monographia
has described a specimen in the British Museum as 28 mm.
long, 13 wide. This is presumably one of Gray's types, since
he mentions the species as in the "collection of the British
Museum, Mrs. Manger's and my own." The types were
from Sierra Leone, a country somewhat distant from Old
Calabar and Cameroons, where the species (under the name
calabarica), is common.

Var. grayi d'Ailly (pi. 61, fig. 10). Reeve in the Con-
chologia Iconica figures a much more slender shell from
Cuming's collection under the name A. clavata. It is evi-
dently this which d'Ailly desires to call P. clavata var. grayi.
It will probably be found to be specially distinct from clavata.

Adolf d 'Ailly has discussed the literature and characters of
this species at length, having at his disposal some 54 speci-
mens. The largest measure length 45, diam. 17 mm., with
10 whorls (fig. 12). Eleven specimens from a dark and
humid forest at Bonge are 24 mm. long, only 8 wide, with
9!/2 whorls, corresponding perfectly with Reeve's figure of
clavata. Between these extreme forms there are transitions,
so that he concludes that in this case the contour of the
shell is a character of but small importance, and therefore
no specific distinction can be made between clavata and cala-
barica. The difference of color noted in the original des-
criptions is due to the partially bleached condition of the
type of clavata. The original description of calabarica
follows :

Achatina calabarica Pfr. (pi. 61, fig. 11). Shell oblong-
turrited, rather thin, closely striate, glossy; blackish-brown
sometimes streaked with paler. Spire subconcavely produced,
the vertex minute. Whorls 9, moderately convex, the upper
ones ribbed, the last whorl one- third the total length, thread-
carinate in the middle. Columella arcuate, obliquely trun-
cate at the base of the subvertical rhombic-elliptical aper-

PSEUDOGLESSULA. 159

ture. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins joined by
a thin parietal callous. Length 28, diam. 11 mm.; aperture
11 mm. long, 6 wide (Pfr.) .

Of the reproduction of this species d'Ailly writes as fol-
lows: "In several individuals we have found embryos to the
number of 8 to 18, in which the spire has about 3 whorls, and
the dimensions vary from 3.5 to 5 mm. long, 2.5 to 3 mm. in
diameter. They are whitish, with a tinge of green the color
of the adult shell beneath the cuticle. In the largest, the
peristome has a deep brown border, and in all of them the
last whorl is strongly angular, with the base nearly smooth,
engraved only Avith striae of extraordinary fineness. The
shape of the columella is exactly as in adults. The species
is ovo-viviparous. "

2. P. DUSENI d'Ailly. PI. 61, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell oblong- turrited, thin, strongly thread-ribbed ; whitish-
green under a rufous-brown cuticle, paler towards the apex,
here and there obsoletely streaked with darker, and readily
worn off on the apertural side. Spire turrited, the apex
cylindric, rather obtuse. Whorls 10%, convex, slowly in-
creasing, separated by deep sutures, embryonic whorls sub-
perpendicularly and regularly costulate with the exception
of the smooth mammillate vertex itself ; the riblets are gener-
ally evanescent below on the third whorl. Remaining whorls
somewhat irregularly sculptured with strong, oblique, slightly
arcuate ribs ; the last whorl somewhat over one-fifth the total
length with a thread-like carina below, rather flattened below
it, the costulas there transformed into strise. Columella
curved, involute, bordered with a white callous, obliquely
truncate, reaching to the base. Aperture subvertical, subte-
tragonal, bluish- white inside; peristome simple, acute, the
margins joined by a whitish very thin callous; right margin
regularly arcuate, basal margin nearly straight, almost hori-
zontal. Length scarcely 10, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 2,
width 1.33 mm. (d'Ailly).

West Africa: Cameroons at Kitta and Ekundu Etitti
(Dusen).

160 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

P. duseni d'AiLLY, Bihang etc., p. 107, pi. 5, f. 8-10.

By its form and size this little species approaches P. fus-
cidula (Mor.), but it is of a darker brown color, verging into
reddish instead of greenish; the shell is more solid, and the
sculpture more emphatic except at the summit where it is
the same in the two species. The ribs are more spaced, and
less arcuate and oblique. The surface wants the silky ap-
pearance of the other species; and the ribs are darker than
the rest of the shell, while in fuscidula they are the same color.
The entire form is more slender, and in specimens of the
same length, P. duseni has more whorls ; the sculpture of the
base is weaker, and its color paler.

3. P. FUSCIDULA (Morelet). PI. 61, fig. 98.

Shell oblong-turrite, club-shaped, the apex rather acute;
thin, obliquely ribbed, crystalline under a brown- greenish
cuticle. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last angulated below,
scarcely one-third the total length. Columella arcuate, obli-
quely truncate, nearly reaching to the base. Aperture semi-
oval, colored within like the outside ; peristome simple, acute,
unexpanded. Length 8, diam. 3 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: Gaboon coast (Morel.) ; Cameroons at
Ekundu-Etitti, Boangola, Bonge and Itoki (Dusen, Sjostedt).

Achatina fuscidula MORELET, Series Gonchyliologiques i,
p. 26, pi. 1, f. 9 (1858). PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 238.Stenogyra
(Subulina) fuscidula PFR., Nomenclator Hel. Viv. p. 328
(1881). Pseudoglessula fuscidula d'AiLLY, Bihang, p. 106.

"All the characters of this pretty species assign it a posi-
tion among the Pseudoglessulas. The embryonic whorls are
sculptured with regular ribs more widely spaced (especially
on the first two whorls) and less oblique than those of the rest
of the shell, w r here they are irregular and obliquely arcuate.
The last whorl has a thread-like angle" (d'Ailly).

According to d'Ailly the type was not fully adult. The
largest Cameroon shells measure 11.5 mm. long, 3 wide, with
91/2 whorls. It is found not only on dead leaves but on
plants as well, always solitary, never in abundance as the
Subulinas are.

PSEUDOGLESSULA. 161

4. P. MUSCORUM (Morelet). PL 61, fig. 14.

Shell conic-turrited, thin, distantly plicate-ribbed, slightly
shining; deep fulvous, obliquely streaked with brown. Apex
rather acute ; suture impressed. Whorls 9, a little convex, the
last angular below the middle, nearly three-tenths the total
length. Columella subvertical. Aperture subrhombic, small,
the peristome simple, thin, unexpanded. Length 10, diam.
3.5 mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: in the virgin forests of Golungo-Alto, Angola
(Welwitsch).

Achatina muscorum MOREL., Voy. Welwitsch p. 80, pi.

5, f. 1. PPR., Monogr., viii, p. 293. Homorus >., KOBELT,
C. Cab. p. 109.

This species has been referred to Pseudoglessula by Adolf
d'Ailly, who however had not examined specimens. He con-
siders it related to P. ditseni.

5. P. STRIGOSA (Morelet). PI. 61, fig. 13.

Shell long turrite, rather solid, pellucid, glossy, corneous-
whitish or pale yellow, closely and regularly rib-striate. Spire
long, the apex rather obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 9,
plano-convex, the last more dilated, not one-third the total
length of the shell, obscurely angulate below the middle.
Columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture semioval;
peristome simple, unexpanded, thin. Length 23, diam. 7
mm. (Morel.).

West Africa: Golungo-Alto, Angola, on the mountain
Cungolungulo, under stones and in moss under the trees
(Welwitsch).

Achatina strigosa MOREL., Journ. de Conch. 1866, p. 161;
Voy. Welwitsch p. 78, pi. 9, f. 2. PFR., Monogr. vi, 235.
Homorus (Pseudoglessula) s., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 108.
Achatina striatella REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 87,
according to Morelet; not of Rang.

It is a quite solid, glossy shell of a pale fawn shade. The
summit is obtuse, and the last whorl, which is proportionally
more swollen than the others, has an indistinct angle which

162 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

seems like a continuation of the suture. The sculpture is
finer on the last whorl than at the summit.

6. P. ABETIFIANA Rolle. PI. 61, figs. 8, 9.

Shell imperforate, long-ovate, rather thin, subdiaphanous,
glossy, corneous-brown, costellate, the riblets equal, straight,
evanescent towards the suture and periphery of the last
whorl. Spire turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, a
little convex, separated by an impressed, crenulate suture,
slowly increasing, the last scarcely as long as the spire,
rounded at the base, smooth below the middle, somewhat
sculptured with fine striae. Aperture slightly oblique, irre-
gularly ovate, acuminate above, truncate below. Coluniella
somewhat twisted, broadly truncate at the base ; outer lip thin
and fragile. Length 23, diam. 9.5 to 10 mm., alt. of aper-
ture 9 mm. (Rolle).

West Africa : Abetifi on the Gold Coast.

Pseudoglessula abetifiana ROLLE, Nachrbl. d. d. malak.
Gesell. xxv, 1893, p. 86. Homorus abetifianus KOBELT, Conch.
Cab. p. 90, pi. 2, f. 6, 7.

Nearly related to parturitus, but distinguished by the in-
terruption of the sculpture at the periphery (Kobelt). Api-
cal sculpture not described. From Kobelt 's course in plac-
ing the species in Homorus, it seems likely that the apex has
not the characteristic Pseudoglessula sculpture.

7. P. PH^A Putzeys. PI. 63, fig. 31.

Shell imperforate, ovate-turrited, rather solid, closely pli-
catulate-striate ; brown or brownish. Spire conic, obtuse.
Whorls 7, convex, regularly increasing, the first densely
costulate, the last oblong, glossy, sulcate, very delicately sub-
angulate at the periphery and marked below with a spiral
impresvsed line. Aperture oval, the lip acute, slightly ex-
panded, bluish white inside. Columella brown, a little
straightened, arching forward, where it is narrowly taper-
ing-truncate and folded. Margins joined by a very thin cal-
lous. Length 37, diam. 17, length of aperture 18 mm.
(Putzeys}.

PSE0DOOLESSULA. 163

Congo Valley: Forest of Waregga (zone of Manyema).

Pseudoglessula f ph<za PUTZ., Bull, des Seances, Soe. Roy.
Malac. Belgique, 1898, p. Ixxxv, f. 22.

A large, stout species, with the columellar truncation some-
what obsolete.

8. P. HUMICOLA Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 57, figs. 35, 36.

Shell elongate-turriculate, perforate, rather solid, translu-
cent; yellow or purple-chestnut, covered with a densely and
very minutely granulate brown cuticle, the last whorl more
glossy and darker, generally pale at the suture. Spire elon-
gate, conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, a little convex,
separated by a rather deep suture, closely rib-striate, the rib-
lets more distant on the first two whorls, in the rest regularly
decreasing, becoming similar to growth-striaB on the last whorl,
which is minutely but distinctly subangulate. Lip arcuate,
slightly reflexed. Aperture moderately thickened within,
violaceous, acute behind ; columella subvertical, usually lightly
retreating in front, reflexed at the perforation, violaceous,
obliquely folded with a white fold below the middle; peris-
tome brown with reflexed edge. Length 32, diam. 15, length
of aperture 14, width 8 mm. (D. et P.).

Congo: Nsendwe (P. Dupuis).

Pseudoglessula humicola DUP. et PUTZ., Bull, des Seances
Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. 1901, p. xxxv, f. 3, 4 (shell), 5, 6
(living animal).

The characteristic sculpture of the embryonic whorls has
caused us to place this species in the genus Pseudoglessula.
It approaches Bulimus (Cerastus) ptychaxis Sm., but differs
in color, the smaller number of whorls and the larger size.

The foot is very flat, bifid behind (pi. 62, fig. 26). The
foot is distinctly bordered, the border vertically striate. It
is rose-gray, deeper on the tentacles, the mantle (within the
shell) vermiculate with white spots visible through, by trans-
parence. It lays 10 white, subspherical eggs. Lives on the
ground, generally under prostrate tree-trunks (Dupuis).

The eggs differ from those of the typical species of the
genus. It probably belongs elsewhere.

/

164 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

9. P. DIAPHANA Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 57, figs. 38, 39.
Shell imperforate, thin, fragile, pale yellow, diaphanous,

but slightly shining, covered with a very thin, densely and
very minutely granulated cuticle. Whorls 7, all ornamented
with oblique ribs, convex, separated by a deep suture, the
last whorl very indistinctly subangulate. Lip simple, thin;
columella subtruncate, twisted, anteriorly retreating and
somewhat plicate. Length 25, diam. 10, length of aperture

10, width 6 mm. (D. et P.).
Congo: Nsendwe (P. Dupuis).

Psendoglessula diaphana D. et P., Bull, des Seances Soc.
Roy. Malac. Belg. 1901, p. xxxvi, f. 7, 8.

This shell differs from the preceding in being smaller, im-
perforate, very thin, fragile, yellowish, pale, transparent and
less glossy. The sculpture is analogous, but the riblets are
more distinct on the last whorl. It differs further by the
more convex whorls, deeper sculpture, the angulation very
weak or almost wanting, of the last whorl, etc.

10. P. RETIFERA (Martens). PI. 61, figs. 4, 5.

Shell ovate-turrited, thin, closely striate, opaque; olivace-
ous-brown, uniform or streaked with brown. Spire conic,
subconcave towards the apex. "Whorls S 1 /^, the first and
second large, reticulate-pitted, subglobose; the third whorl
smaller; following whorls regularly increasing, with simple
suture ; last whorl ovate, not angular. Aperture occupy-
ing about two-fifths the total length, subvertical, sinuate-
ovate, bluish inside ; peristome thin, unexpanded, the margins
joined by a very thin, pale callous; columellar margin arcu-
ate, at the base obliquely truncate. Length 35, diam. 13
mm., aperture 14 mm. high, 7.5 wide (Marts.}.

West Africa: Cameroons at Bonjongo (Buchholz), Kumbe,
Bonge, Kitta, N'dian, Bibundi (Sjostedt Dusen, Jungner).

Stenogyra retifera v. MARTENS, Monatsberichte K. P. Akad.
Wissensch. zu Berlin, p. 260, pi. 3, f. 7, 8 (l876}.Homorus
(Pseudoglessida} retifer KOBELT, Conch. Cab. p. 106, pi. 30,
f. 7, 8 (1895). Pseudoglessula retifera d'AiLLY, Bihang etc.,
p. 105 (1896).

PSEUDOGLESSUT. A . ] i ")

"In good condition the shell is semitransparent and of a
silky luster. The last whorl is not angular, but there is never-
theless a flat thread-like carina, not mentioned by von Mar-
tens. " The original description was from immature speci-
mens, according to d'Ailly, who gives the dimensions, length
41, diam. 20 mm., the aperture 14 mm. high, 7.5 wide,
whorls' 10.

11. P. HETERACRA Boettger. PI. 61, fig. 96, 97.

Differs from P. calabarica by the olivaceous, brown-
streaked and flammulate shell, the apex less acute; whorls
8, the upper 2,y 2 very elegantly reticulate and pitted in the
interstices, the rest closely striate, here and there very obso-
letely spirally lineolate, the last whorl higher, almost two-
fifths the alt. of the shell, at the periphery subangulate in-
stead of being thread-carinate. Columella more curved, the
base more protracted, but much less abrupt, subperpendicu-
larly truncate. Length 31, diam. 11.5 mm. ; alt. of aperture
12.5, width 6 mm. (Bttg.).

West Africa: Buea, Cameroons.

P. heteracra BTTG., Nachrbl. d. d. Malak. Ges. 1892, p. 202.
Homorus (P.) heteracra KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 94, pi.
22, f. 5-8.

Prof, von Martens considers this to be a large variety of
P. retifera. The figures are from Kobelt.

12. P. SJOSTEDTI d'Ailly. PI. 61, figs. 6, 7.

Shell oblong-conic, turrited, rather solid, plicate-striate,
brown-olivaceous, here and there obsoletely ornamented with
darker streaks. Spire concave towards the apex, which is
cylindric and rather obtuse. Whorls 9y 2 , the embryonic ones
reticulate-pitted, convex ; following whorls irregularly plicate-
striate, the last about one-third the total length, encircled with
a peripheral thread, hardly descending in front, tapering be-
low. Columella curved, margined with a white callous, some-
times rather abruptly, sometimes obliquely truncate. Aper-
ture subvertical, subtriangular-ovate, pearly bluish within;
peristome simple, acute, thin; margins joined by a very thin

166 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

callous. Length 42, diam. 15.5, mm. aperture 14 mm. long,
8.5 wide (d'Ailly).

West Africa: Bonge, Bibundi, Itoke, Cameroons (Sjostedt).

P. sjostedti d'AiLLY, Bihang etc., p. 104, pi. 5, f. 6, 7.

Though excessively close to P. heteracra Bttg., this species
presents peculiarities which do not permit us to consider them
identical. The last whorl, which does not descend to the
aperture, always has an obtuse, thread-like angle, bordered
below by a noticeable depression, crossed by the fold-like
striae, which continue to the base. The spire is more con-
cave than in other species of the group, the whorls less con-
vex, etc.

It lives like the other species among dead leaves, most
specimens having a thin but solid and adherent coat of earth
on the upper surface.

East African Species.

13. P. KIRKII (Craven). PI. 61, figs. 90, 91.

"Shell turriform, obliquely lirate, of a yellowish-brown
color, sometimes marked with chocolate-colored spiral bands;
epidermis glossy; apex very obtuse; spire rather elongated;
whorls 7y 2 , convex, the last occupying rather more than one-
third of the entire length of the shell; lab rum thin, simple;
columella obliquely curved; the generic fold small, but well
defined; suture deep. Length 26 mm., breadth of last whorl
12, height of aperture 10, breadth of aperture 6 mm."
(Craven).

East Africa: Magila, with Helix usambarica in woods near
a waterfall (Craven).

Achatina kirkii CRAVEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p.
218, pi. 22, f. 9. Pseudoglessula kirki MARTS., Beschalte
Weichthiere p. 115.

Conradt found specimens also in Usambara, with four red-
brown spiral bands, and others without bands. Most of
them show an obtuse keel along the periphery in continuation
of the suture, but more or less obsolete towards the lip. Be-
low the keel the vertical striae are weaker though still present;

PSEUDOGLESSULA. 167

and the more distinct the keel the more does the lower sur-
face differ from the upper by weaker sculpture and brighter
gloss. The largest shell, a banded one, measures 35 mm.
long, 17 wide, the mouth 15.5 mm. long.

14. P. PRESTONI Smith. PL 61, fig. 93.

Shell ovate, produced above, thin, deep olive-brown, semi-
pellucid; spire obtuse at the apex. Whorls 7, obliquely,
closely, delicately ribbed, moderately convex, the last en-
circled with an obtuse keel at the periphery, more glossy be-
low the keel, the ribs less strong there; scarcely descending
in front. Aperture inversely ear-shaped, bluish or opalescent
inside, its length about three-sevenths that of the shell.
Lip thin, arcuate ; columella twisted, thickened in front, pale,
subtruncate, joined to the outer lip by a very thin callous.
Length 28, diam. 13 mm. ; aperture 12 mm. long, 7 wide.
Another specimen is 30 mm. long and 13 broad (Smith) .

German East Africa: Ukami, about 100 miles south-west
of Zanzibar.

Pseudoglessula prestoni SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.
vi, p. 68, f. II (March, 1904).

"This species is very like P. kirki Craven, but differs in
form and in having one whorl less. The spire in that species
is a trifle more slender, the body-whorl smaller, and the
columella is so reflexed as to form a narrow umbilical fissure.
There is also the difference of color in the two forms. Named
after Mr. H. B. Preston, from whom the specimens were ob-
tained " (Smith).

15. P. GRACILIOR Smith. PI. 61, fig. 92.

Shell similar to P. prestoni, but narrower, lengthened, pale
brownish. Whorls 8, a little convex, obliquely delicately
costulate. Aperture slightly more than a third the total
length. Length 28, diam. 11.5 mm.; aperture 10 mm. long,
6 wide (Smith).

German East Africa: Ukami, about 100 miles southwest of
Zanzibar.,

P. gracilior SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vi, p. 69, f.
Ill (March, 1904).

168 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

"The two forms of Pseudoglessula here described, together
with P. Jcirki Craven and P. leroyi Bourguignat, form a little
group of species which are all closely related, having the
same character of sculpture, form of aperture and columella,
and differing principally in their general form and tone of
coloration. A feature common to all is a faint carination
around the middle of the body-whorl, and a more glossy sur-
face below it. P. gracilior is the most slender of all the
forms, and P. prestoni the broadest. P. leroyi has nine
whorls, P. gracilior and P. kirki eight, and P. prestoni only
seven. With the exception of P. kirki, which is often banded,
all the species are of an uniform tint, varying from light
brown to a dark olive-brown. P. subcarinifera, Smith, is a
diminutive form belonging to the same group." (Smith).

16. P. LEROYI (Bourguignat). PI. 61, fig. 89.

Shell lengthened, moderately swollen, rather thin, sub-
pellucid, glossy, uniform red-chestnut or somewhat wine-
colored (or in some specimens the color is a pale olivaceous
yellow tint), paler at the base of the columella. Elegantly
lamellate, the lamella? regular, close, stronger and more
spaced at the summit, more delicate on the lower part ; and
encircled at the periphery with a more glossy, obsoletely sub-
nodulose spiral sulcus. Spire long, acuminate, but rather
obtuse at the summit. Whorls 9, convex, regularly and slowly
increasing, separated by the well-impressed suture; the last
whorl over one-third the length, oblong-convex, more glossy
and less costulate below, elegantly lamellose above, unisulcate
at the periphery, sulcus thread-like, slightly projecting,
glossy, nearly smooth, but nevertheless subnodulose under a
lens, and extending to the aperture. Aperture suboblique,
long-oblong, narrow, angular above and below, regularly con-
vex outwardly, wine-colored within. Peristome unexpanded,
acute. Columellar margin paler, somewhat amber-colored,
straight, obliquely truncate at the base. Parietal callous thin
and diaphanous. Length 40, diam. 16 mm. ; aperture 16 mm.
long, 7 wide (Bgt.).

East Africa: Nguru Mts., between Ukamba and Ussagora,

PSEUDOGLESSULA. 169

at 1800-2000 meters elev. (Missionary A. Leroy) ; Buloa near
Tanga (Eismann).

Stenogyra leroyi BGT. Moll. Afr. Equat. p. 110, pi. 6, f. 11
(1889). Pseudoglessula leroyi MARTS. Beschalte Weichthiere
p. 115. fig. (dentition).

The specimen taken by Eismann measures 37.5 mm. long,
11.5 wide, aperture 15.5 long. The dentition is roughly fig-
ured by Prof, von Martens. The central tooth is narrow,
with a single cusp, the adjacent lateral is bicuspid, the ecto-
cone small.

17. P. SUBCARINIFERA (Smith). PI. 61, tig. 95.

Shell elongate, acuminate above, imperforate, glossy, oliva-
ceous-brown. Whorl 7, the first turned in, next two convex,
ornamented with oblique curved and rather wide-spaced ribs,
the rest of the whorls convex, with more delicate, very close
ribs; separated by a slightly oblique, deep suture; the last
whorl oblong, encircled with an indistinct elevated line about
the middle. Spire produced, obtuse at the apex. Aperture
irregularly piriform, about one-third the total length; lip
thin, very narrowly expanded anteriorly; columella whitish,
arcuate in the middle, obliquely truncate below, sinuate be-
low the truncation. Length 16, diam. 7.5, aperture 6% mm.
long, 4 wide (Smith).

East Africa: On the plains within 50 miles of Mamboya;
also at an elevation of 4000 to 5000 ft. (Last).

Stenogyra (Sul)idina) subcarinifera SMITH, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vi, p. 157 (Aug., 1890). Pseudoglessula
s., MARTENS Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 115. Homorus (Pseu-
doglessula) carinifera Smith, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 113.
P. subvaricifera MARTS., t. c. p. 114, in text.

Var. major. Shell paler, with 8 whorls, the second and
third having more numerous ribs than in the typical form.
Length 18, diam. 8.5 mm. ; aperture 7 mm. long, 4.5 wide
(Smith).

18. P. INTROVERSA (Smith). PI. 61, fig. 94.

Shell elongate, acuminate above, narrowly rimate, hardly

170 PSEUDOGLESSULA.

shining, thin, greenish-corneous. Apex turned downwards;
whorls 7, the first two or three rather strongly costulate, the
rest rather convex, obliquely striate, the last whorl encircled
with an obsolete keel around the middle. Aperture ovate,
slightly exceeding one-third the total length; peristome thin,
the columellar margin rather widely dilated, reflexed over
the umbilical crevice, and towards the base obliquely subtrun-
cate or plicate within. Length 16, diam. 7 mm., aperture 6
mm. long, 4 wide (Smith}.

East Africa: Mamboya, at an elevation of 4000 to 5000
ft. (Last).

Bulimus (Cerastus ?) introversus SMITH Ann. and Mag.
N. H. (6), vi, p. 155, pi. 5, f. 11. Pseudoglessula introversa
MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere p. 116.

'The resemblance in form and the faint raised line around
the body- whorl recall to mind the typical form of Subulina
subcarinifera. That species is imperforate, much more
coarsely sculptured and has a more distinctly truncate colu-
mella. The apex in both forms is similarly introverted"
(Smith).

19. P. CONRADTI Martens. PI. 61, fig. 99.

Shell rimate, somewhat turrited, with close weak rib-strise;
horn-brown; 7 whorls, the riblets stronger and more spaced
on the second; the following whorls increase regularly in
width and are weakly convex. Last whorl elliptical, with a
scarcely noticeable keel in the middle, rounded below. Aper-
ture but slightly oblique, obliquely trapezoidal, with unex-
panded somewhat thick peristome. Outer lip weakly arcu-
ate; lower margin nearly horizontal. Columellar margin
nearly vertical, moderately expanded and reflexed, not cov-
ering the umbilical chink, very weakly obliquely truncate at
the base. Length 14, diam. 6 mm., the aperture 5.33 mm.
long, with the peristome 4 wide, without it 3 mm. (Marts.).

East Africa: Ussambara (Conradt).

Pseudoglessula conradti MARTS., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. 1895,
p. 184 ; Beschalte Weichthiere p. 116, pi. 5, f . 13.

This peculiar species stands intermediate between Pseu-

CHILONOPSIS. 171

doglessula and Buliminus. The almost luster-less earthy-brown
color, the open umbilical chink, with widely reflexed, flattened
columellar margin, which passes almost unbrokenly into the
rounded basal margin, speak at first glance for Buliminus;
but the strong, rather sparse ribs at the apex, with a some-
what obliquely set first whorl are quite as in Pseudoglessula.
The trace of a keel on the last whorl and the inward oblique
truncation of the columella also recall Pseudoglessula.
(Marts.}

Buliminus stuhlmanni Marts, has the same apical sculpture
and may belong also to Pseudoglessula.

Genus CHILONOPSIS F. de Waldheim.

Chilonopsis FISCHER de WALDHEIM, Bulletin de la Societe
Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, xxi, 1848, p. 236, for
C. sulcata Fischer de W. Bulimus, Bulinmlus, Pachyotus,
etc., of authors.

The shell is imperforate or rimate, ovate or oblong, com-
posed of 6 3 /2 to 9 whorls. Aperture subvertical, irregularly
ovate, occupying less than half the shell's length; outer lip
simple, expanded or thickened; columella obliquely truncate
at the base. Coloration, when preserved, of whitish oblique,
interlacing marks or subsutural spots on a dark ground.

Jaw (of C. melanioides, pi. 62, fig. 20) is arcuate, very
closely and finely striated.

The radula (of C. melanioides, pi. 62, fig. 21) has the
formula 16, 11, 1, 11, 16. The transverse rows of teeth are
straight in the central and lateral areas, but curve strongly
forward in the marginal areas. The central tooth is narrow,
with a single well developed cusp. The laterals have strong
mesocone and ectocone, but no entocones. The eleventh and
twelfth teeth are transitional. The marginals have the ecto-
cone split, and on the outer teeth both cusps are split and,
producing a serrate edge, as shown in the figure.

Egg-capsules of moderately large size, with a calcareous
shell, as in Achatina. These of C. nonpareil measure 6% x 6
mm.

Type, Chilonopsis nonpareil (Perry).

172 CHILONOPSIS.

Distribution: Island of St. Helena, Two species, C. melan-
ioides and C. turtoni still exist in exceedingly restricted areas,
where the old island flora is in part preserved; the others are
extinct,

The species are illustrated on Plate 52.

Chilonopsis was referred to the Achatina family by Fischer
in 1883, but that position was first demonstrated by the
writer in 1896, by the examination of the jaw and radula of
C. melanioides (Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila. 1896, p. 418, foot-
note 9). Dall first associated the small, thin Bulimuloid
forms with the large, solid C. aurisvulpina (nonpareil), a
grouping justified by the conchological characters of the
species, which however are remarkably varied in contour,
texture and sculpture. A similar diversity of contour is
already familiar among species of other generic groups. The
Peruvian or Lower Californian Bulimuli, the Philippine Heli-
costylas, the Eulotas, and many other genera will immedi-
ately be recalled in this connection.

Among continental genera, Chilonopsis is apparently most
nearly related to Pscudoglessula, Subitlona, Trichodina and
their allies. All of them have a more or less truncate colu-
mella, crenate suture and in the less specialized species, a long,
turrited shape. In some forms the sutural crenation has
been outgrown and the general shape changed ; but as a whole
they are more primitive than the genera of large African
Acliatinida . The common ancestors of all these groups date
back to or nearly to the time preceding the Atlantic when
Africa and South America were united and supported a com-
mon Cretaceous fauna of Achatinidce, Streptaxida, Megas-
piridcz, etc. and fresh- water mollusks; but there is, so far as
I know, no trace of an exclusively South American faunal
element in the St. Helena biota.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ST. HELENA SNAIL-FAUNA. Dall
has drawn a parallel between the St. Helena and the Gala-
pagos snail faunas, tracing their peculiarities of shell sculp-
ture and texture to the influence of an environment subject
to long arid periods. It is doubtful whether this theory is
borne out by the facts. St. Helena was densely forested when

CHILONOPSIS. 173

C. aurisvulpina and most of the other species existed, and
there is every reason to believe that the snail fauna was wholly
unaffected by deficient or irregular water supply. The shells
had not the coloration of arid-country snails. C. anrisvidpiitx
is a markedly phylogerontic form, and was probably nearing
extinction when the catastrophy was precipitated by the de-
foresting of the island. The sculptural peculiarities of the
others are easily paralleled in forms inhabiting notably humid
regions such as St. Thome, Cameroons, etc.

St. Helena exhibits two common characteristics of almost
all old island-faunas: (1) a very small number of original
generic types, in this case about six, some one or two of
which have been greatly modified to fill stations commonly
occupied by species of several genera. Cf. Pcecilozonites in
Bermuda; Mandarina and Hirasea in the Bonin Is.; Acha-
tiucUida- in the Hawaiian group; (2) accelerated aging of
the genera so modified, resulting in unusually large forms
variously calloused or irregularly coiled, being often unduly
elevated or depressed for their genera, stigmata of old age
of the group. This results in an unusual proportion of ex-
tinct species, especially if the equilibrium of the fauna be in
any way disturbed ; and the forms w r hich drop out are as a
rule, those with phylogerontic characters. Cf. in Bermuda,
Pcecilozonites nelsoni, cupula, zonata; in the Bonins, Man-
darina ruscheribergeriana, pallasiana; in the Madeiras, Geo-
miira delphinida, bowdichiana, Leptaxis loivei, etc. In New
Caledonia the most ponderous and heavily calloused Placos-
tyles. The list could be greatly extended.

It seems therefore that the characteristics of the St.
Helena snail fauna are those of an ancient, isolated fauna,
rather than traceable to aridity of climate.

NOMENCLATURE. The name I'achyotus has been used for
C. aurisvulpina by most authors, in either a generic or sub-
generic sense. That name was proposed by Beck in 1837 for
a series of Brazilian forms and the species B. aurisrulpina,
no type being selected. Herrmannsen, in September, 1847,
selected the Brazilian species Bidimus melanostomus as type,
thus making PacJiyotus a synonym of Aio'is Spix. See

174 CHILONOPSIS.

Manual X, pp. 95, 97. Later in the same year Gray nomin-
ated aurisvulpina as type, but his action, forestalled by Herr-
mannsen, is void.

LITERATURE. Monographic accounts of the species of
Chilonopsis (under various generic names) have been pub-
lished by T. Vernon Wollaston, Testacea Atlantica, pp. 542-
552 (1878), and by E. A. Smith, On the Land-shells of St.
Helena, in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, pp. 258-270.

Key to Species of Chilonopsis.

1. Whorls with a series of folds or bosses below the suture
(Chilonopsis s. str.).

a. Shell large and very solid ; ovate, the diam. about
half the alt. ; outer lip heavily calloused.

C. nonpareil, no. 1.

aa. Shell small and thin ; slender, the diam. much less
than half the alt. ; outer lip not calloused.

fe. Spire straightly conic; sutures deep; 8 to 9

whorls. C. melanioides, no. 2.

6&. Spire with convex outlines; whorls 6y 2 to 7.

C. subplicatus, no. 3.

2. Thin; whorls Q l / 2 to 7, smooth below the suture
(Cleostyla}.

a. Long-ovate, with the lip somewhat dilated below
and the columella slightly truncate; 28 to 31.5
mm. long. C. subtruncatus, no. 4.

aa. Oblong, the lip somewhat dilated below, the colu-
mella very strongly truncate ; about 20 x 8 mm.

C. exulatus, no. 5.

aaa. Ovate-conic, very thin, usually maculate or striped
with whitish on a brown ground; outer lip simple,
acute. Columella somewhat truncate ; about 17 x
7.5 mm. C. turtoni, no. 6.

1. C. NONPAREIL (Perry). PI. 52, figs. 46 to 51.

Shell imperforate or compressed-umbilicate, solid and heavy,
ovate. Whorls nearly 7, convex and slowly increasing. The
first half whorl is smooth, the rest are convex, deeply, coarsely

CHILONOPSIS. 175

plicate below the suture. At the end of the first whorl some
low spiral cords appear, continuing to the end, becoming
coarser progressively. The last whorl is swollen below the
suture, frequently carinate there. The aperture is ear-
shaped, subvertical, the opening narrow at both ends, wide in
the middle. The lip is reflexed, very much thickened on the
face and internally, orange-red in the freshest specimens.
Columella vertical, obliquely subtruncate within, thick and
reflexed, red. Parietal callous thick, orange-red, usually with
a low, obtuse callous lump in the middle.

Length 47, diam. 28 mm.

Length 44, diam. 23 mm.

Length 35, diam. 19 mm.

St. Helena: all along Sugarloaf Ridge (Turton) ; between
Sugarloaf and Flagstaff (Wollaston), at about 1400 to 1700
ft. above sea level. Extinct.

Auris vulpina CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., xi, p. 287, pi.
210, f. 2086, 2087 (not binomial). Valuta auris vulpina
DILLWYN, Descript. Catal. i, p. 503 (1817). Helix auris
vulpina Fer., Prodr. p. 57, no. 445. Pupa auris vulpina
GRAY, Ann. of Philos. n. s., ix, p. 413. Bulimus auris vulpina
DESH. in Lann., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 257. GRIFFITH in Cuv.,
Anim. Kingdom, pi. 37, f. 7. KUSTER, Conch. Cab. p. 39, pi.
8, f . 5, 6. PFR., Monogr. ii, 93, 534 ; iii, 371 ; iv, 440 ; vi, 77 ;
Conch. Cab. pp. xiii, 39, pi. 21, f. 14, 15 (small variety).
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 30, f. 180. CROSSE, Journ. de
Conch, xx, 1872, p. 270 (fresh specimen). SMITH, P. Z. S.
1892, p. 265, pi. 22, f. 11-lle (includes darwinianus)
WOLLASTON, Testae. Atl., p. 547, with var. subspiralis and
obliteratus (1878). Buliminus (Pachyotus} auris vulpina
Chemn., KOBELT, Conch. Cab. p. 656, pi. 98, f. 3-8. Cochlo-
gena auris-vulpina De Fer., SOWB., Appendix to Darwin's
Obs. on Volcanic Is., p. 155. Pachyotus auris-vulpina DALL,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1896, p. 418. Melania nonpareil PERRY,
Conchology, pi. 29, f. 4 (1811). Pachyotus alopecotis BECK,
Index, p. 56. Struthiolaria crenulata LAMARCK, An. s. Vert,
vii, p. 148 (1822). Bulimus struthiolaris MENKE, Zeitschr.
1 Malak. 1844, p. 30. Chilonopsis sulcata FISCHER de WALD-

176 CHILONOPSIS.

HEIM, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, xxi, 1848,
p. 236, pi. 3, f. 1, 2, reproduced in J. de Conch. 1, 1850, p. 87,
pi. 4, f. 6.

Bulimus darvinianus FORBES, Journ. Geol. Soc. London,
viii, p. 198, pi. 5, f. 1 (1852). Bulimus darwinianus WOLL.,
Testae. Atl. p. 549.

Bulimus auris-muris SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagn. n. Moll.
(p. 20), in Mittheil. Naturforsch. GeselLsch. in Bern, 1852, p.
200, = = Bulimus auris-myoxi SHUTTLW., t. c., p. 289, =^ Buli-
mus myoxus SHUTTLW.

Mr. Smith writes as follows of the specimens collected by
Captain Turton: "The freshest examples are of a light red-
dish color and generally of a somewhat darker tint towards
the apex. The top of the plications at the suture are whit-
ish, and there is more or less of this color variously distri-
buted over the surface in the form of irregular streaks and
blotches. A few subfossil snails' eggs obtained at Sugarloaf
Ridge along with this species evidently from their size belong
to it. They are roundly ovate, being 6 l / 2 mm. in length and
6 broad. Some other much smaller eggs were also found by
Captain Turton at the same place, but in this instance it
would be mere guesswork to suggest to which species they
belong."

This largest species of the genus has some resemblance to
certain forms of the Bulimulid genera Placostylus and Auris,
though with no relationship whatever to either. The neanic
sculpture has extended upon the embryonic whorls, begin-
ning on the later half of the first one, being thus more accel-
erated than in the other species. The heavy, irregular cal-
louses of the aperture of the normal adult C. nonpareil
are a character of old age. The species is thus markedly
phylogerontic. It is extremely variable, different parts of
Sugarloaf Ridge having different varieties, according to
Captain Turton. The following varieties have received
names :

la. Var. subspiralis Woll. Covered rimate, the whorls less
striated longitudinally, but obsoletely, obtusely spirally
costate. Parietal callous far within, in the middle tuber-
cular-swollen.

CHILONOPSIS. 1 7 7

15. Var. obliteratus "Wbll. Covered rimate; whorls more ob-
soletely biangulate below the suture; peristome less thick-
ened, the right margin nearly simple, scarcely thickened
within. Parietal callous far within, in the middle slightly
swollen.

Ic. Var. darvinianus Forbes (pi. 52, figs. 50, 51). Narrower,
smaller and more fusiform than C. nonpareil, less rough-
ened, with the suture more oblique. Parietal tubercle
developed. Umbilicus closed. Pound in company with
C. nonpareil, imbedded in the ridge-like slopes of in-
durated soil in the vicinity of Flagstaff, Sugarloaf and
the Barn.

The original figure of Chilonopsis sulcata indicates at least
a peculiarly senile stage of development, and if it is accurate,
perhaps even a distinct species or subspecies of the group.
The description follows:

Chilonopsis. Shell turrite, with 6 convex spirals; umbili-
cate ; aperture long, narrow, of unequal width, columella
strongly dilated, sinuate below and inwardly, margined out-
wardly, base forming a canal with the swollen, outwardly
triplicate right lip.

C. sulcata (pi. 62, fig. 25, 27). Turrited, seven-whorled,
the whorls convex, longitudinally sulcate. Alt. 6 millim. ;
diam. of the first whorl 30 millim. Hab. in St. Jago, South
America.

2. C. MELANIOIDES (Wollaston). PI. 52, fig. 53.

Shell long and rather narrow, turrite-conic ; narrowly,
nearly covered perforate; black-brown, sometimes reddish,
marked with irregular, usually confluent ochraceous streaks;
very closely longitudinally costulate-striate, subopaque.
Whorls 8 to 9, a little convex, separated by a very deep,
somewhat wavy suture, obliquely, strongly and rather dis-
tantly plicate below the suture, the last whorl obtusely angu-
lar at the periphery, less strongly striate below. Aperture
narrowly ovate; outer lip simple and thin. Columella obli-
quely truncate below, and bearing an oblique fold above;
parietal callous a very thin film.

178 CHILONOPSIS.

Length 9-11, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.5 lines (Woll.).

Length 16, diam. 6 mm., whorls 7%.

St. Helena; Northern slopes of the ridge below Diana's
Peak, at the roots of grass in damp places (Wollaston).

Subulina melanioides WOLL., Testacea Atlantica p. 550
(1878)BuUmulus m., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 267, pi. 22,
f. 18. Pachyotus melanioides DALL, Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896,
pp. 416, 419. PILSBRY, t. c. p. 418, footnote (teeth and
jaw figured).

In this species the first half whorl appears to be smooth;
then spiral strias faintly appear. The second whorl has
coarse rib-stria? crossed by some spirals. The oblique nodules
appear at the beginning of the third whorl. On the later
whorls the spirals become weak or obsolete, except the peri-
pheral angle. It is a decidedly less evolved species than
C. nonpareil, in which the sculptural characters are more
accelerated. Ball's conjecture that the latter arose from some
such form as C. melanioides seems well founded. I have fig-
ured the jaw and teeth of this species, from a dry specimen.

3. C. SUBPLICATUS (Sowerby). PI. 52, figs. 55, 56.

Shell narrowly rimate, long and slender, rather thin; red-
dish brown, paler at the suture and base, or bleached to a
gray tint, elaborately mottled and striped with opaque white.
Outlines of spire convex, the apex obtuse. AVhorls 6% to 7,
slightly convex. The first 2 whorls are smooth and convex.
The following whorls are densely striated longitudinally, the
stria? somewhat wavy; and at first there are some indistinct
spirals. Rounded nolule-like folds below the suture appear
weakly on the third whorl, increase in size, becoming largest
on the intermediate whorls, and diminish on the last whorl,
where they are absent for some distance. The last whorl is
oblong and usually shows indistinct traces of a peripheral
angle. Aperture fusiform-oval, narrowed towards both ends.
The outer lip is simple and obtuse, not thickened ; columellar
margin dilated, continued above in a thin parietal callous.
Colurnella obliquely truncate at the base, concave in the
middle.

CHILONOPSIS. 179

Length 15.5, diam. 5.3 mm. ; aperture 6 mm.

Length 14, diam. 5 mm. ; aperture 5.6 mm.

St. Helena: fossil in a cutting through surface soil on the
Sidepath, between Jamestown and Longwood, on the side of
the hill overlooking the Briars (Wollaston) ; Sugarloaf Ridge,
common (Turton).

Cochlicopa subplicata SOWB. in Darwin's Geological Ob-
servations on the Volcanic Islands, etc., Appendix, p. 156
(1844). Bulimus subplicatus Sowerby, FORBES, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. Lend, viii, 1852, p. 199, pi. 5, f. 6-
Subulina subplicata WOLL., Testae. Atlant. p. 552. Buli-
mulus (Peronaus f) subplicatus (Sowerby), SMITH, P. Z. S.
Lond. 1892, p. 266, pi. 22, f. l5.Pachyotus s., BALL, Proc.
A. N. S. P. 1896, p. 419. Cochlicopa terebellum SOWB., t. c.
p. 156. Bulimus t., FORBES t. c. p. 199, pi. 5, f. 5. Subulina
t., WOLLASTON, t. c. p. 552.

Var. terebellum Sowerby. (PI. 52, fig. 52). "Shell ob-
long, cylindric-pyramidal, the apex rather obtuse; whorls 7,
smooth; suture posteriorly crenulate. Aperture oval, acute
posteriorly, the outer lip thin, sloping in front, Columella
obsoletely truncate, umbilicus small. Length .77, diam. .25
inch. This species differs from the last [subplicatus] in be-
ing more cylindrical and in being nearly free when full grown
from the obtuse folds of the posterior volutions, as well as the
form of the aperture. The young shells of this species are
longitudinally striated, and they have some very obsolete
folds" (Soivb.}.

This is evidently a form of C. subplicatus. The original
description is given, and a copy of Forbes' figure of the type,
collected by Darwin.

Subgenus CLEOSTYLA Dall, 1896.

Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1896, p. 419, in text.

The oval or oblong shell is thin, smoothish, not plicate be-
low the suture; the outer lip is thin and somewhat expanded
below. The smooth apical whorls form a slightly mamillar
summit. Type C. exulatus Bens.

While without bosses below the suture, C. exulatus has

180 CHILONOPSIS.

white spots, corresponding to those upon the bosses in
C. melanioides and subplicatus.

4. C. SUBTRUNCATUS (E. A. Smith). PI. 52, fig. 54.

Shell subfossil, long ovate, acuminate above, imperforate,
striated with delicate, oblique growth-lines. Whorls 7, a
little convex, separated by a somewhat deep suture, the last
whorl obliquely sloping, but slightly ascending to the lip.
Aperture inversely ear-shaped, hardly half the length of the
shell ; lip thin, slightly spreading or expanded in front.
Columella oblique, rather straight, connecting with the outer
lip by a thin callous above ; anteriorly more or less subtrun-
cate. Length 31.5, diam. 12.5 mm., aperture 14 mm. long,
7 wide (Smith).

Length 28, diam. 11.5 mm., length of aperture 13 mm.

St. Helena: Side Path, common (Turton). Extinct.

Bulimulus subtruncatus E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London 1892, p. 266, pi. 22, f. 14. B. (Cleostyla) subtrun-
catus Sm., BALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 419.

This species is larger than C. exulatus, more fusiform, with
the columella far less distinctly truncate. It apparently had
the same type of coloring, oblique, often intersecting opaque-
white markings, for some specimens are corroded in that
pattern.

5. C. EXULATUS ('Benson' Rve.). PI. 52, figs. 57, 58.

Shell oblong, imperforate, rather thin, gray-white, pro-
fusely marked with a tracery of opaque white. Spire sub-
cylindric, terminating in a rather slender cone. Whorls 6!/2>
the first 4 convex and slowly widening, the rest very rapidly
widening and less convex ; suture simple, impressed. Sculp-
ture of fine wrinkles along growth-lines, a little stronger on
the intermediate whorls, where they are more or less dis-
tinctly cut by spirals. The aperture is acutely ovate, subver-
tical. The outer lip though thin is obtuse at the edge ; outer
and basal margins noticeably flaring. Columella short,
prominent and truncate at the base, and bearing a low, very
deeply placed fold above.

CHILONOPSIS. 181

Length 20, diam. 8, aperture 9 mm.

St. Helena: Sugarloaf Ridge, common (Turton). Extinct.

Achatina exulata Benson ]\IS., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, text
of plate xxi, no. 77 (March, 1850) ; Bulinws, pi. 78, f. 572.
Bulimus exulatus WOLL., Testae. Atlant. p. 542. Buli-
mulus exulatus SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 266, pi. 22, f. 16.-

B. (Cleostyla) exulatus Bens., DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
1896, p. 419.

A somewhat cylindric shell, with conic, slightly nipple-like
summit, and strongly truncate columella.

6. C. TURTONI (E. A. Smith). PI. 52, figs. 59, 60.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, very thin, glossy;
brownish-corneous, painted longitudinally with irregular
opaque-white streaks. Whorls 7, a, little convex, striated with
oblique growth-lines, the last whorl rounded at the periphery
(obsoletely angular in young shells), the apex subpapillar.
Aperture ovate, acuminate above, hardly half the total length
of the shell; peristome very thin, the outer margin simple,
scarcely expanded, columellar margin narrowly reflexed above
the umbilicus, delicately calloused, provided with a small fold
or denticle in the middle. Length 17, diam. 7.75 mm., aper-
ture 7.75 mm. long, 4 wide (Smith).

St. Helena: High Peak, among native vegetation (Turton).

Bulimulus turtoni SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 266, pi. 22, f.
17, 17o.

The thin texture, shape and coloration of this snail remind
one of the arboreal Dryma-us, some species of which are not
dissimilar. The axis is rather large and hollow. The colu-
mella, in adults, bears a short, oblique callous superposed
upon the cylinder near its base (pi. 52, fig. 60), much as in

C. exulatus. Mr. Smith writes as follows :

"The substance of the shell is extremely thin and fragile
and the surface exhibits no other sculpture excepting lines
of growth. The color ornamentation is variable. In what
may be regarded as the typical form the opaque creamy lon-
gitudinal markings take the form of broadish irregular wavy
stripes, which frequently run into one another, so that they

182 TRICHODINA.

exhibit a more or less zigzag appearance. In other speci-
mens these broadish stripes are replaced by very numerous
and slender lines, which are more or less wavy and some-
times considerably interrupted and broken up."

Genus TRICHODINA Ancey, 1888.

Trichodina ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France v, p. 71, foot-
note 6, for "Trichodina marmorea Reeve (=barbigera
Morelet)" (1888).

Shell imperforate, solid, turrited-conic, the summit conic,
not in the least mamillate; the apex minute, whorls rapidly
enlarging, flattened, often ribbed. Adult sculpture various.
Aperture small, Achatinoid, the colurnella truncate. Soft
anatomy unknown.

Types T. marmorea (Rve.) and barbigera (Morel.). Dis-
tribution, Islands in the Gulf of Guinea; and the Comoro
Is., in the Indian Ocean.

This group differs radically from Pseudoglessula, Homorus
and their allies in the structure of the early whorls, indicat-
ing a decided diversity in the young stages of the animals.
Homorus and Pseudoglessula have a pupoid or cylindric shell
in the late embryonic and early neanic stages, while
Trichodina and Bocageia have a trochoid shell.

The species from the Comoro Islands are extremely similar
to those of the West African Islands, although separated by
the width of the entire continent.

The species are arranged as follows :

I. Columella distinctly truncate, Achatinoid (Trichodina).
a. Species of West African islands, sp. no. 1 to 6.
6. Species of East African islands, sp. no. 7 to 10.
II. Columellar truncation obsolete (Bocageia).
a. Prince's Island, species no. 11.

Species of West African Islands.

1. T. MARMOREA (Reeve). PI. 55, figs. 96, 94, 95.

Shell elongately turrited, narrow, somewhat cylindrical,
rather solid; whorls flatly convex, obliquely rather rudely

TRICHODINA. 183

striated ; columella thinly truncated ; aperture small. White,
eovered with a chestnut-horny epidermis (Reeve).

Habitat unknown (Mus. Taylor).

Achatina marmorea REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 23, f. 125
(March, 1850). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 499.

Morelet considered Reeve's type of marmorea to be a worn
specimen of his own A. barbigera; a conclusion which seems
to me 'well founded. The description of the latter follows:

A. barbigera Morelet (PI. 55, figs. 94, 95). Shell club-
shaped turrited, solid, opaque, white, longitudinally plicate-
costulate, covered with a dark chestnut, membranously fila-
mentose cuticle with spiral ridges bearing scale-like fringes.
Spire long, acute, the suture impressed. Whorls 9, plano-
convex, the last obsoletely angulate at the base, one-fourth
the length of the shell. Columella arcuate, pale, tapering
truncate. Aperture small, semioval, blue within; peris tome
simple, unexpanded. Length 43, diam. 12 mm. (Morel.}.

Island of S. Thome: Forests of Mt. Cafe etc., at 400 to
1450 meters elevation.

Achatina barbigera MOREL., Journ. de Conch, xiv, 1866, p.
160; Voy. Welwitsch p. 75, pi. 9, f. 5. CROSSE, J. de C. 1868,
p. 134. PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 234. Homorus barbiger CROSSE,
J. de C. 1888, p. 21. GIRARD, Jornal de Sci. Math. Phys. e
Nat., Lisboa, (2), iii, p. 41 (1893). KOBELT, Conch. Cab. p.
98, pi. 26, f. 7, 8.

This species is very variable in the length of the spire and
the convexity of the whorls, according to Mr. Girard. At
Portinho Mr. Newton found two fresh sinistral specimens;
and among 26 worn examples found on the beach at Bua Bua,
washed down from the high land, there were 10 sinistral ones.
The largest specimen of barbiger collected by Mr. Newton
measured 50 mm. long, 15 wide.

The shell, Morelet writes, is quite thick, corneous, whitish,
grooved with oblique, flexuous pliciform riblets not very regu-
lar in appearance, and less apparent when the shell is covered
with its epidermis. This epidermis is of a deep chestnut
color and fibrous texture. It is finely striated longitudinally,
but what makes it remarkable are the regularly spaced, fine

184 TRICHODINA.

spiral lines set with short, straight hairs. Specimens in
drying etc. very readily lose the hairs and cuticular spiral
riblets.

2. T. MASSONIANA (Crosse). PI. 56, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell imperforate, long-turrite, moderately thick, rather
solid; longitudinally, slightly obliquely wrinkle-striate, dirty
white under a nearly lusterless somewhat deciduous chestnut-
brown epidermis. Spire long, the apex rounded, obtuse;
suture impressed. Whorls 8, a little convex, flattened, the
embryonic l 1 /^ nearly smooth, without epidermis and of a
dirty white ; last whorl very much shorter than the rest of the
spire, very obtusely, almost imperceptibly subangular in the
middle, tapering downwards. Aperture oval-piriform, dirty
white inside. Peristome simple, the margins united in adult
individuals by a brownish callous deposit in the form of a
projecting cord, which extends along the outer margin of the
columella. The latter is quite projecting, arcuate, and trun-
cate just short of the base. The basal and outer margins are
thin and almost acute. Length 36.5, diam. 13 mm. ; aperture
11 mm. long, 7 wide (Crosse}.

San Thome (Masson).

Homorus massonianus CROSSE, Journ. de Couchyl., xxxvi,
1888, p. 22. Acliatina (Homorus) massoniana CROSSE, t. c.,
pi. 1, f. 3. H. massonianus KOBELTV, Conchyl. Cab., p. 99,
pi. 27, f. 2, 3 (copy from Crosse).

While very closely related to T. barbigcra, this species dif-
fers by the wider, subangular last whorl and the raised, cord-
like and usually crenulate or beaded parietal callous. It may
however be merely a wide variety of that species. Traces of
about 6 spiral ridges are visible in well-preserved specimens,
and there is little doubt that fresh shells have cuticular
fringes. The peculiar sculpture of waved striae is shown in
fig. 15. A specimen measures 37 mm. long, 13.6 wide.

3. T. CLAVUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 56, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell oblong-turrited, rather solid, obliquely closely striate ;
tawny, the base darker; spire turrited, the apex acute.

TRICHODINA. 185

Whorls 9!/2, rather flat, the last less than one-third the total
length; columella very arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aper-
ture oblong-oval, dirty whitish inside; peristome simple.
Length 33, diani. 10 mm. ; aperture 11 mm. long, 5.5 wide
(Pfr.).

S. Thome : stony slopes at 2500 ft. alt. and the coffee plan-
tations. 500 ft. lower (Wehvitsch) ; Monte Cafe (Greef et
Castro) ; almost the whole island, between 200 and 1400
meters alt.

Achatina clavus PFR., Symbolic iii, p. 20 (1846) ; Monogr.
ii, p. 260. EEEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 75 (1849).-
MORELET, Voy. Welwitsch, p. 76. -Homorus clavus Girard,
Jornal de Sci. Math. Phys. e Nat., Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, (2),
iii, p. 95 (1893). KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 97, pi. 26, f. 5, 6.

According to Girard, this is the commonest Homorus on
S. Thome, reported from the shore up to 1400 meters. Like
H. barbiger, it presents several varieties of form and con-
vexity of the whorls, and the color varies from light yellow
to brown, the general tint being intensified on the last whorl.

The apex is conic, acute, the early whorls being closely
sculptured with fine curved riblets. The later whorls are
densely striate, with slight traces of decussation. The striae
are stronger and curved below the suture. The aperture is
quite oblique. Fig. 11 represents Pfeiffer's type, after Reeve.
Figs. 9, 10 are drawn from a paler specimen measuring 32
mm. long, 9 wide.

Pfeiffer in the Monographia iv, p. 608, has included an
Acliatina inflecta Gld., from Liberia, in the Luders collec-
tion, as a synonym of clavus. Girard, with good reason,
states that confirmation of the continental occurrence of
H. clavus is still waiting.

4. T. ARATISPIRA Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 56, figs. 16, 17.

Shell olivaceous-yellow with the spire fading to whitish
above, rather thin but solid, glossy. Whorls 6 l / 2 , the first
half whorl smooth, glossy, projecting and minute, the follow-
ing whorls flattened, slightly convex, all but. the last two
closely, regularly costulate; the riblets gradually diminish-

186 TRICHODINA.

ing, subobsolete on the last whorl, which is merely irregularly
striate, with coarse arcuate folds below the suture. Last
whorl angular at the periphery. Aperture oblique, acumin-
ate-ovate; outer lip thin and acute; columella very concave,
abruptly truncate below. Length 21, diam. 9 mm. ; aperture
9 mm. long.

West Africa: Liberia (?).

This snail is similar to T. clavus except for its very much
coarser, stronger sculpture. The authority for the locality
on the label is unknown.

5. T. PAXILLUS (Reeve). PI. 56. fig. 12.

Shell subulate, subfusiform, rather solid, obliquely min-
utely striated, whitish, covered with a thin corneous buff-
olivaceous cuticle. Spire convex-turrited, the apex acute.
Whorls 9, the upper flat, the rest more convex, the last
scarcely one-third the total length, rounded basally. Colu-
mella subvertical, callous, twisted. Aperture oblique, ellip-
tical-oval; peristonie simple, unexpanded, acute. Length
27, diam. 9 mm.; aperture 9 mm. long. 4.5 wide (P/V.).

Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming) .

Achatina paxillus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 78 (May,
1849.) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 498.

"This is rather a stout shell, peculiarly rounded at the
base. In other respects it approaches very closely to
A. clavus" (Eve.]. It may prove to be a variety of clavus.

6. T. MONTICOLA (Morelet). PI. 56, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Shell elongate-turrite, thin, very glossy, longitudinally pli-
cate costulate, covered with a straw-colored cuticle. Spire
lengthened, the apex somewhat obtuse; suture impressed,
crenulated by the prominent riblets. Whorls 8 to 8^, but
slightly convex, the last a little ventricose, obscurely angular
below the middle, slightly exceeding one-third the total length.
Columella somewhat twisted, obliquely truncate, not reaching
to the base. Aperture semioval ; peristome unexpanded, sim-
ple and thin. Length 17, diam. 6 mm. (Morelet).

Island of S. Thome: in moss on the higher points (Wel-
witsch) .

TRICHODINA. 187

Achatina monticola MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p.
160; Voy. Welwitsch p. 77, pi. 5, f. 7. CROSSE, Journ. de
Conch., 1868, p. 135. PFR., Monogr., vi, 1868, p. 231. Ho-
morus m., GIRARD, Jornal de Sci. Math. Phys. e Nat. Lisboa,
(2), iii, p. 96, pi. 1, f. 5-8 (1893). Achatina (Subulina)
subcrenata GREEF, Zool. Anzeiger 1882, p. 519. Homorus
subcreimlata CROSSE, J. de C. 1888, p. 25. H. (Pseudogles-
sula) monticola KOB., C. Cab. p. 107.

The above description from Morelet was based upon im-
mature specimens. Girard has made a careful study of very
numerous specimens collected by F. Newton, who found it
in numerous places, nearly always under stones. There are
many more or less differentiated local races, the following
being described by Girard. The first description applies to
the adult form of typical monticola, of which subcrenata
Greef is a synonym.

a. PI. 56, fig. 5. Shell imperforate, elongate, turriculate,
thin, glossy, of a light yellow color; with slightly oblique,
irregular, more or less pronounced growth-striae, projecting
at the suture, finer and less marked on the last whorl. Spire
composed of 12 slightly convex whorls, with a deep suture and
terminating in a rounded summit. Embryonic whorls 2,
nearly smooth, or finely striate. Last whorl contained about
4Vo times in the total length, rounded. Aperture oval, elon-
gate; peristonie -simple, sharp, the margins united by a very
distinct deposit. Columellar margin arcuate, very obliquely
truncate before reaching the base. Length 35, diam. 8 mm. ;
aperture 8.5 mm. long, 4.5 wide (Girard).

b. PI. 56, fig. 6. Less lengthened, the striae indistinct ex-
cept at the sutures; last whorl contained 3y 2 times in the
total length.

c. PL 56, fig. 8. Very much lengthened, very glossy, the
strise indistinct except at the suture; last whorl contained 5
times in the total length; whorls plano-convex.

d. Var. costulata Greef. PL 56, fig. 7. Suture very deep ;
striae irregular and very prominent.

Achatina (Subulina) costulata GREEF, Zool. Anzeiger 1882,
p. 519.

188 TRICHODINA.

e. Suture deep; strige very regular, projecting; size small.

Species of East African Islands.

Though so widely separated geographically from the pre-
ceding group, there is absolutely no conchological character
by which the following forms can be separated from the West
African more than specifically.

7. T. COMORENSIS (Pfeiffer.).

Shell ovate-turrite, solid, lightly and irregularly striatu-
late, white under a deciduous tawny cuticle. Spire elongate,
the apex rather obtuse. "Whorls 7, the upper nearly flat, the
penult, more convex, last whorl slightly exceeding one-third
the total length, somewhat tapering at base. Aperture sub-
vertical, elliptical, somewhat chanelled at the base; columella
protracted to the base of the aperture, obliquely subtruncatej
peristome obtuse, the margins joined by a rather thick callous.
Length 34, diam. 13, length of aperture 12, width 6 mm.

(P/r.).

Comoro Islands (Cuming coll.).

Achatina comorensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 211 ; Monogr.
iv, p. 605.

Evidently related to T. monaclia, but larger with one-
whorl less.

8. T. MONACHA (Morelet). PI. 57, fig. 24.

Shell oblong turrited, rather solid, marked with obsolete,,
irregular striae higher at the sutures; opaque, rather glossy,
chestnut-reddish, generally darker at the base. Spire tur-
rited, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 8, a little convex, the
last % the total length. Columella slightly arcuate, obli-
quely truncate. Aperture oblong-oval, ashen within, the
margins obtuse, unexpanded. Length 32, diam. 12, alt. aper-
ture 12, width 6 mm. (Morel.}.

Great Comoro I. (Humblot).

Achatina (Homorus) monaclia MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl.
1885, p. 290, pi. 14, f. l.Homorus m., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 96.

Larger and more solid than T. cornea, stouter and more

TRICHODINA. 189

strongly colored, and while larger, it has one whorl less; the
columella is less arched, being almost straight. Some in-
dividuals, more slender than the types, are 33 mm. long, 11

wide (Morel.).

Sa. Var. olivacea n. var. PI. 57, figs. 25, 26.

In the specimens before me the cuticle is decidedly oliva-
ceous or chestnut-green, the surface of the shell exposed by
its loss being white. It is glossy, faintly striate, the striae
slightly stronger below the suture; the terminal cone is more
strongly striate and the second and third whorls are crenu-
late below the suture (pi. 57, fig. 26). The last whorl has
no indication of an angle, or change of sculpture or color at
the periphery, such as occurs in many allied forms. The
-aperture is oblique, the outer lip blunt, black-edged. The
columella is obliquely truncate, and there is a heavy colu-
mellar and parietal callous. The shell is thick, solid and
opaque.

Length 31, diam. 10.6 mm. ; length of eperture 10.6 mm.

Length 30, diam. 10.4 mm. ; length of aperture 11 mm.

Great Comoro Island.

9. T. CORNEA (Morelet). PI. 57, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Shell imperforate, subfusiform-turrited, rather solid, deli-
cately striate, sometimes granulate; diaphanous, glossy, oily-
corneous. Spire elongate, the apex rather acute, suture im-
pressed. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last about one-third
the total length, tapering at the base. Aperture slightly
oblique, acutely semioval, milk-white inside; peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded, the columellar margin arcuate, obliquely
truncate. Length 28 to 32, diam. 9 mm. (Morel.).

Comoro Is.; Anjouan (Bewsher, type loc.) ; Great Comoro
(Humblot).

Achatina cornea MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1877, p. 335,
pi. 13, f . 9 ; 1885, p. 289. Homorus c., KOBELT, C. Cab. p. 95.

The initial half whorl is smooth, raised, and forms the
rather acute apex; then close, fine, regular and arcuate riblets
set in, continuing for about two whorls, where they become

190 TRICHODINA.

less strong and regular, begin to be cut by weak spirals, and
pass into the general sculpture of the rest of the shell. This
sculpture consists of fine, irregular, rather sharp oblique
striae, coarser, stronger and arcuate just below the sutures,
and cut by numerous spiral lines, producing long granules.
In some specimens this decussation and granulation is very
distinct, in others it is scarcely visible. Figs. 21 and 22 are
copied from Morelet; fig. 23 is from an Anjouan example.

10. T. SIMPULARIA (Morelet). PL 57, fig. 28.

Shell turrited, the apex acute, rather solid, irregularly sub-
striate, waxen, corneous-buff. "Whorls 8 l / 2 , scarcely convex,
the last rounded, tapering at base, two-sevenths the length;
suture linear, margined. Columella lightly arcuate, abruptly
truncate; aperture slightly oblique, semioval; peristome sim-
ple, acute, unexpanded. Length 15, diam. 4.5 mm.

Comoro Is. : Mayotte, Moheli (Vesco) ; Anjouan (Bewsher).

Achatina simpularia MOREL., Revue Zoologique p. 220
(1851) ; Series Conch, i, p. 70, pi. 5, f. 4; Journ. de Conchyl.
1877, p. 336. PER., Monogr. iii, p. 496; iv, 613; vi, 233.-
Achatina pallens PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 35; Monogr.. iv. p.
613 ; Novit. Conch., p. 105, pi. 29, f. 19, 20.

The glossy shell is marked with oblique, obsolete striae, more
apparent in the vicinity of the sutures; and under a lens it
may be seen that the striee are crossed by indistinct lines,
sometimes very numerous in young shells. It was collected
at Mayotte under dead wood on the shore, at a cane field. The
specimens found at Anjouan are a little more delicate than
those of Moheli, but otherwise like them (Morelet).

Achatina pallens Pf r., from Moheli, is considered a synonym
by Morelet. It is described as with 9 whorls, length 16,
diam. 4.75 mm., aperture 4.5 mm. long, 2.5 wide. In other
respects the description agrees with that of Morelet. The
type figure is copied, pi. 57, fig. 27.

The position of this species is unknown to me, but it seems
to resemble T. cornea closely, and may be a diminutive mem-
ber of the same group.

TEICHODINA. 191

Subgenus BOCAGEIA Girard, 1893.

Bocageia Gra., Jornal de Sciencias Math., Phys. e Nat.,
Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, (2), iii, p. 100 (August, 1893), for
B. lotophaga Morel.

"Shell imperf orate, long-oval, solid, subtransparent ; spire
lengthened, terminating in a subacute summit. Whorls of
the spire 7, nearly flat, covered with very regular longitu-
dinal striae ; suture superficial. Aperture oval, oblique ; colu-
mella vertical, straight, very obliquely truncate in the young,
continuous with the basal margin in the adult stage. Peris-
tome simple, acute, the margins united by a thin callous.

"Jaw thin, arcuate, finely and densely plicate vertically.
Radula with the central tooth very small, obtusely tricuspid ;
laterals with the middle cusp long and subacute, the side
cusps short, subequal, and rounded ; marginal teeth tricuspid,
short, with the middle cusp short, rounded, and the side
cusps small and subacute. Formula 19, 15, 1, 15, 19."
(Girard). PI. 62, fig. 19.

Type B. lotophaga Morelet. Distribution, Prince Island,
in the Gulf of Guinea.

This group is chiefly characterized by the smooth early
whorls, subobsolete columellar truncation, and vertically en-
graved surface of the shell, which has a somewhat pointed
apex, not obtusely rounded as in Pseudoglessula, Homorus
and Subulona. The lateral and marginal teeth of the radula
are all tricuspid, as in Homorus.

Bocageia holds such a relation to Trichodina as Metachatina
kraussi to Cochlitoma. It should probably be ranked as a
subgenus of Trichodina rather than a distinct genus. The
differential characters being assumed only in the fully ma-
ture stage, cannot be of long standing.

B. lotophaga was placed by Dohrn in his genus Strepto-
stele; but he expressly states that he had not seen it. but
had collected all the other species which he includes in the
group.

11. T. LOTOPHAGA (Morelet) . PI. 56, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Shell imperforate, fusiform, very closely marked with im-

192 CLAVATOR.

pressed lines ; solid, glossy, buff-green. Spire elongate, rather
obtuse; whorls 7, flattened, the last longer than the spire.
Aperture small, oval; peristome simple, acute, the margins
joined by a thin callous; columellar margin in young speci-
mens truncated as in Achatina (fig. 18). Length 25, diam.
9 mm. (Morel.).

Prince Island: S. Joao, at 200 meters alt. (Folin, Newton) .

Bnlimus lotophagus MOREL., Revue Zoologique 1848, p.
352; Series Conch, i, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 7 (1858). Achatina
loiophaga DESK., Fer. Hist, ii, p. 189, pi. 122, f. 15-17
(young). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 490. Streptostele lotophaga
DOHRN, Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 129. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl.
1888, p. 297. Bocageia lotophaga GIRARD, Jornal. Sci. etc.
(2) iii, 1893, p. 100, pi. 1, f. 10 (teeth).

B. lotophaga, according to Morelet, is a cylindric shell
which quite resembles Glandina. The surface is engraved
with fine, regular deep striae, imperceptible on the first whorls,
and is covered with a thin uniform ochre-yellow cuticle,
glossy in the young, and with a green tinge; but this gloss
with a silky appearance diminishes with time, the epidermis
also being partly lost. Quite rare in collections, this species
has up to this time been found only on the He du Prince.

Genus CLAVATOR Martens, 1860.

Clavator MARTENS in Albers, Die Heliceen, edit. 2, p. 312
(Nov., 1860), for "Bui. obtusatus, clavator Petit und nan inn
nouleti." -KOBELT, Couchylien Cabinet, i, 13 Abth., 2 Theil,
Die Familie Buliminidse, pp. 649-655. Bulimus and Obeliscus
sp. of authors.

The shell is rather large, oblong or spire-shaped, imperforate
or rimate, covered with a yellow cuticle streaked with brown.
The summit is rather large, obtuse and rounded, the initial
whorl smooth; following whorls are closely rib-striate, and
sooner or later decussating spirals appear. This sculpture may
continue to the last whorl or become obsolete there. Aperture
ovate, the outer lip more or less obtuse, simple or slightly
expanded; columellar lip free and built forward, or adnate.
Columella sub vertical, more or less distinctly folded, not

GLAVATOR. 193

truncate. The soft anatomy is unknown. Type C. obtusatus
Gmel.

Distribution, Madagascar.

The species are illustrated on plates 48-51.

This group of handsome snails will probably be largely
increased as Madagascar is further explored. The species
resemble several diverse groups in other regions. C. obtusatus
has a Stenogyroid contour, C. grandidien is Placostyloid,
and C. balstoni, eximia etc. recall Thaumastus.

The relation of Clavator to other genera cannot be intelli-
gently discussed until the soft parts are investigated. Fischer
(Manuel) placed the group under Bulimus, but nearly all
other authors have considered it to be Stenogyroid. Be-
sides the following species, Obeliscus sceptrum Beck, Index
Moll. p. 61, a nude name, pertains to this group.

Key to Species.

1. Columellar lip built forward above the umbilical fissure
which is thus left uncovered; peristome more or less
thickened, obtuse ; shell conspicuously striped with chest-
nut on a yellow ground.

a. Shell slender, attenuated above, the diani. less than
one-third the length, rib-striate, whorls about 10.

C. obtusatus, no. 2.

aa. Shell large, stout, Placostylus-like, the diam. usually
much exceeding a third of the length; spire conic;
last whorl smoothish, arcuately plicate at the suture ;
whorls about 8. C. grandidieri, no. 1.

2. Columellar lip reflexed over and nearly or quite closing
the umbilical fissure, sometimes also thickened. Colors
less strongly contrasting.

a. Diameter of shell less than one-third its length.

b. Spire slender and attenuate above; peristome but
slightly or not thickened; whorls 9 to 10.
c. Lower whorls narrowly streaked with dark
chestnut, sometimes wavy or mottled.

d. Length 52 to 60 mm. (.'. nmrcleti, no. 4.
dd. Length 80-95 mm. C. hiunbloli, no. 5.

194 CLAVATOR.

cc. With pale bands at suture and periphery.

C. watersi, no. 3.

&&. Spire convexly-conic above; suture distinctly
margined; size large. C. eximius, no. 9.

aa. Diameter of shell exceeding one-third its length.

&. Large species, 80-150 mm. long; spire convexly
conic above, suture with a distinct, narrow mar-
gin ; later whorls weakly decussate.

C. eximius, no. 9.

&&. Smaller, 50-70 mm. long; spire more straightly
conic.

c. Diana, about half the length of the shell;
spire straightly tapering. C. heimburgi, no. 8.
cc. Diam. decidedly less than half the length;
spire thicker.
d. 66 x 24 mm. ; whorls 8 to 9.

C. clavator, no. 6.
dd. 53 x 21 mm. ; whorls 7.

C. johnsoni, no. 7.

Group of C. obtusatus.

Shell conspicuously striped with chestnut on a yellow
ground, the later whorls not spirally striate; columellar Up
built forward above the umbilical fissure.

1. C. GRANDIDIERI (Crosse et Fischer). PI. 49. fig. 29.

Shell subrimate, oblong, rather thin, longitudinally im-
pressed with rather widely spaced strige, not decussate. Spire
long-pyramidal, the apex rather obtuse; suture crenulate-
margined. Whorls 8, rather flat, the last slightly ascending,
nearly half the total length. Aperture oblong-pirif orm ;
columella vertical, straight, receding. Peristome simple, the
margins distant, somewhat converging, columellar margin
very much dilated, very broadly reflexed over and closing
the umbilical chink and reaching a width of as much as 10
mm. in the widest part. Basal and outer margins reflexed,
somewhat thickened outside. Length 95, diam. 31, aperture
37 mm. long, 23 wide (C. et F.).

CLAVATOR. 195

Madagascar : fossil in pleistocene dimes at Cape Saint Marie
(Grandidier) ; recent at Andrahomana (Ch. Alluaud), and
Fort Dauphin (F. Sikora).

Bulimus grandidieri C. et F., Journ. de Conchyl. 1868, p.
182, pi. 7, f. 1. Clavator grandidieri C. et F., DAUTZENBERG,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1900, p. 461; Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
xxvii, 1002, p. 198, with var. alba. Clavator placostyloides
KOBELT, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 1900, p. 21 (Feb., 1900), with
var. abbreviata; Conchyl. Cab., Buliminus, p. 651, pi. 99, f. 1,
and var. abbreviata, f. 2. Clavator vayssierei ANCEY, Journ.
de Conchyl. xlviii, 1900, p. 12, pi. 1, f. 1, 2.

This species was originally described as a fossil from the
dune deposits containing the eggs of ./Epyornis. Fig. 29 is a
copy of the type figure. Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg considers
C. placostyloides and C. vayssierei to be recent specimens of
the same species, remarking that while grandidieri as ori-
ginally figured is narrower with a smaller aperture and less
dilated lip than placostyloides, yet the examination of a
number of specimens shows that the two forms are united
by numerous specimens of intermediate contour.

la. Var. placostyloides Kobelt. PI. 48, figs. 26, 27, 28.

Recent specimens are certainly in the average wider and
more compact than the type of grandidieri, with the aperture
larger; and it is not improbable that they will constitute a
recognizable variety, which will be called var. placostyloides^
this name having precedence over that of vayssierei (figs. 27,
28). The types of both were collected at or near Fort
Dauphin, on the southeast coast, Kobelt 's record " nicht
allzuweit von Antanarivo ' ' was evidently a guess.

The shell has much resemblance to Placostylus. It is white
under a polished yellow cuticle, copiously streaked with rich
dark chestnut. The first whorl seems to be smooth. Those
following are closely rib-striate and rather sparsely latticed
by a few spiral stria?. The spirals soon disappear, and the
rib-stria3 diminish, becoming rather low and comparatively
distant wrinkles on the last two Avhorls; but the suture for
at least the last 2y 2 whorls is bordered below by strong,

CLAVATOB.

arcuate, oblique plicte. The colnmella is strongly, obliquely
truncate, though this scarcely appears except in an oblique
view. The columellar margin is broadly dilated and con-
cave. The later third of the last whorl ascends as in many
species of Placostylus. The dimensions are variable. Whorls
7i/o to 9.

Length 102, diam. 44; aperture 48x31 mm. (type of
placosiyloides] .

Length 107, diam. 42; aperture 46.5x29 mm. (type of
vayssieri) .

Length 88, diam. 42 mm. (Dautzenberg).

Length 85, diam. 42 ; aperture 44x33 mm. ( var. abbreviata] .

The variety abbreviate! Kobelt is merely a short specimen.
Dautzenberg notes a " var alba, entirely white under a light
yellow epidermis, without flammules."

2. C. OBTUSATUS (Gmelin). PI. 49, figs. 30, 31.

Shell perforate, slender, turrited, solid. White under a
thin yellow cuticle, profusely streaked with chestnut on the
last three to five whorls, wanting from the earlier ones. The
surface is glossy and closely, evenly striate longitudinally.
The first 2!/> whorls are smooth, but sometimes self-amputated,
the orifice closed by a convex partition. Whorls about 10,
slightly convex, the suture bordered by a white line. Aper-
ture small, its length less than one-third that of the shell,
ovate, blue-white inside ; peristome white, obtuse, somewhat
thickened but not expanded; columellar lip dilated, flattened
within; parietal callous thin and transparent.

Length 69, diam. 19 mm.; length of aperture with peris-
tome 20 mm.

Length 74, diam. 23 mm. (decollate) ; aperture 24 mm.

Madagascar: Fort Dauphin (F. Sikora) and Andrahomana
(Alluaud); Antanarivo (Kobelt).

Bulimus calcarcus BRUG., Encycl. Meth.Yers, 1789, p. 328,
no. 50. LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., vi, p. 121; Edit. DESHAYES,
viii, p. 228. Not Helix calcaria Born. Helix obtusata
GMEL., Syst, Nat. (13), p. 3655. Bulimus obtusatus GMEL.,
Pfr. Monogr. ii, p. 151; iii, 396; iv, 455; vi, 94; viii, 130;

CLAVATOR. 197

Conch. Cab. p. 50, pi. 15, f. 5. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi.
52, f. 344. DESH. in Fer. Hist. p. iii, pi. 140, f. 9-11. Clava-
tor obtusatus Gra., CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Madag., pi. 22,
f. 4. DAUTZENB., Bull. Soc. Zool. France xxvii, 1902, p. 198.
KOBELT, Conch. Cab. BuUminidce, p. 650, pi. 95, f. 3, 4.
ANCEY, Nautilus, xvi, p. 80. ? Leptospira striata SWAINS.,
Malacology, p. 335.

This is the most slender and lengthened species of the group,
with more whorls than the others. At Andrahomana the
specimens are large, 80 to 85 mm. long, and the surface is
smoother and more glossy. Though so unlike in contour,
C. obtusatus is related to C. grandidieri by its conspicuous
color-pattern, and the raised, concave columellar lip.

2a. Var. subobtusatus (Crosse et Fischer). PI. 49. fig. 35.

Shell narrowly rimate, long-turrited, rather solid, closely
costulate-striate, rather shining, the suture impressed. The
upper part of the spire is broken, the 4 whorls remaining
being slightly convex, the last whorl not descending, a little
larger than the penultimate and next earlier whorls. Colu-
mella straight, vertical. Aperture truncate-oval; peristome
unexpanded, the margins distant, separated; columellar mar-
gin dilated reflexed, nearly covering the umbilical chink ; basal
and outer margins thickened. Length of broken shell 55,
diam. 19 mm., aperture 20 mm. long, 14 wide. (C. et F.}

Southern Madagascar: fossil in the dunes near Cape Saint
Marie (Grandidier).

Bulimus subobtusatus C. & F., Jourii. de Conchyl. 1868,
p. 183, pi. 7, f. 2.

The aperture in this form is said to be narrower towards
the base than in C. obtusatus, the columella is more vertical,
and the ends of the peristome are more separated. These
differences are hardly sufficient to give the fossil form
specific rank.

Group of C. moreleti.

3. C. WATERSI (Angas). PI. 50, fig. 38.

"Shell imperforate. elongately turreted. rather thin, shin-

198 CLAVATOR.

ing, finely irregularly longitudinally striated, the striae here
and there forming tessellated rows and patches, pale olive,
lighter towards the apex, mottled with small brown spots and
irregular markings, with indications of two paler bands, one
below the suture, and the other towards the base of the last
whorl ; spire acuminate, somewhat obtuse at the apex ; whorls
9, rather convex, the last of equal length with the spire;
sutures impressed and slightly crenulate; aperture subovate,
one-third the length of the shell, pale violet within; outer
lip simple, scarcely thickened at the edge; columella with a
slight callous below, a little arcuate towards the base. Alt.
3 inches, diam. 11 lines ; length of aperture 1 inch." (Angas] .

Madagascar.

Bulimus watersi ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 311, pi. 18, f. 1.-
Obeliscus ivatersi C. & F., Moll. Madagascar, pi. 22, f. 6.
Clavator ivatersi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Buliminid<z, p. 649,
pi. 95, f. 1 (after C.&F.).

"This species is allied to B. obtusatus Gmel., and
B. moreleti, Desh., with which, including perhaps B. clavator,
Petit and B. balstoni Angas, it combines to form a natural
group of Madagascar Bulimi. The specimen from which my
description is taken is in the collection of Sir David Barclay."
(Angas) .

4. C. MORELETI (Deshayes). PI. 49, figs. 32, 33, 34, 36.

"Shell long-turrited, the apex obtuse; closely striate, the
striae irregular, frequently anastomosing; tawny, ornamented
with narrow wavy brown streaks. Whorls 10, rather con-
vex, the last short, ovate, imperforate at base. Aperture
ovate, the lip thin, acute ; columella narrow, white, acuminate
at its summit and slightly twisted. Length 57, diam. 16 mm."
(Desh.)

Madagascar.

Bidimits moreleti DESH., in Fer., Hist, ii, p. 114, pi. 154.
f. 5 ; 6. PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 397; Conchyl. Cab. p. 183, pi. 40,
f. 1, 2. Clavator moreleti Dh., CROSSE et FISCHER, in Grandi-
dier, Madagascar, Moll., pi. 22, f. 5, 5a. KOBELT, Conchyl.
Cab. p. 653, pi. 99, f. 3, 4, (copy from C. & F.).

CLAVATOR. 199

Deshayes has given a good description of this species, trans-
lated above. One of his figures has also been copied on my
pi. 49, fig. 34. The specimen before me (pi. 49, figs. 32, 33)
is similar except that the brown lines are not waved, but are
nearly straight, there being only a trace of waviness in one
or two places. The apex is obtuse, rounded, and eroded. The
spiral lines are excessively weak except on the back of the
last whorl, where they noticeably cut the rib-striae (fig. 32),
which while very close and regular on the spire, are more
or less obsolete on the last part and base of the last whorl.
The lip is thin and simple. Length 52, diam. 16.5 mm. ;
length of aperture 16.7 mm. Whorls 9%.

Pfeiffer and Crosse and Fischer have figured much larger,
broader specimens. One of the figures of the latter authors
is copied, pi. 49, fig. 36.

5. C. HUMBLOTI ('Ancey' Mabille).

Shell large, imperforate, long and tapering, rather solid,
covered with a brown-buff cuticle, which below is narrowly
transversely many-banded with brown ; under the cuticle it
is white and rather shining. The spire regularly tapers to the
apex, is long and obtuse. Whorls 9 ? (the upper broken),
regularly increasing, a little convex, separated by a moderate
suture which at the last whorl is minutely and lightly sub-
crenulate; grooved by close longitudinal growth striae, which
on the last 5 whorls are decussate with more spaced spiral
impressed lines ; the last whorl elongate, tapering downwards.
Aperture somewhat oblique, slightly receding at base, irregu-
larly oblong-tapering, angular above, broad below, bluish in-
side. Columella angularly produced in front, twisted, sub-
plicate, rather thick. Peristome obtuse, dilated and adnate
above the columella, the margins distant, joined by a glossy
callous, especially conspicuous at the base (Ancey).

Length 95, diam. 27.5, alt. apert. 31 mm. (Anc.).

Length 80, diam. 27, alt. apert. 29 mm. (Mabille).

Madagascar: Antankaratra country (Humblot).

Bulimus humbloti Anc., MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath,
de Paris, x, 1885- '86. p. 127. Clavator humbloti ANCEY,

200 CLAVATOR,

Nautilus, xvi, p. 80. Nov., 1902. KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 974.

''This fine species appears to be allied to Cl. moreleti Desh.,
but is much larger and is very distinct " (Aneey).

Group of C. davator.

6. C. CLAVATOR (Petit). PI. 48, figs. 24, 25.

Shell turrited, rather thick, white, covered with a yellow-
ish epidermis; whorls 8 to 9, convexly depressed, longitudin-
ally closely wrinkled, the suture impressed, subcrenulate.
Spire conic-elongate, the apex obtuse. Aperture piriform;
peristome thickened, obtuse. Columella subtriangular,
straight at the base, compressed within, oblique above. Um-
bilicus narrow and crevice-like. Length 66, diam. 24 mm.
(Petit}.

Madagascar: in the south part, at St. Augustine Bay
(M. Guilain).

Bulimus davator PETIT, Revue Zool. 1844, p. 3; Guerin's
Mag. de Zool. 1844, Moll. pi. 94, (BuUnius davatus Petit on
plate). REEVE, C. Icon. v. pi. 52, f. 345. PER., Monogr. ii,
p. 142. davator davator Petit, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Buli-
minidee, p. 649, pi. 95, f . 2. davator petiti CROSSE & FISCHER,
in Grandidier, Moll. Madagascar, pi. 22, f. 2.

The description and figures are from Petit.

7. C. JOHNSONI (E. A. Smith). PI. 50, fig. 37.

' ' Shell moderately thick, imperf orate, elongate, subcylindri-
cal, slightly shining; rich brown, with darker streaks here and
there, paler towards the apex, where the epidermis is mostly
worn off, leaving a white surface ; last whorl indistinctly trans-
versely zoned and lineated with dark brown. Volutions 7,
rather convex, regularly increasing, longitudinally striated by
the lines of growth, which are more or less puckered beneath
the suture, and at times somewhat wrinkled through being
crossed by a few obsolete transverse striae. The extreme up-
per edge of the whorls is yellow at the suture. Body-whorl
scarcely descending in front. Aperture inversely auriform.,

CLAVATOR. 201

blue within, occupying three-eighths of the entire length of
the shell. Outer lip thickened within, dirty whitish. Inner
lip of the same color, thickened also, narrowly expanded in
the umbilical region, joined to the labrum above by a thin
callous. Length 53 millim, width 21 ; aperture 20 long, 11H
broad." (Smith}.

Madagascar : near the river Anonive, about fifty miles south
of the capital, Antananarivo. (W. Johnson).

Stenogyra (Clavator} john&oni SMITH, P. Z. S. 1882, p.
382, pi. 22, f. 5. C. Johnson i Sm., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p.
654, pi. 100, f. 4, 5.

This form seems to be most nearly related to C. clavator
Petit, Mr. Smith writes as follows: "This species might be
regarded by some as a dwarf form of S. eximia, Shuttleworth ;
but, besides size, there are other distinctions. Mr. Johnson
says he never could find the larger species at the above locality,
nor did he ever meet with the smaller one in company with
it elsewhere. As the last whorl in the present species scarcely
descends at all, the suture is less oblique than in S. eximia;
the surface is less puckered by transverse striae, the breadth of
the shell is greater in proportion to its length, the last whorl
is less cylindrical, the columella is not so broadly reflexed or
flattened in front, and the aperture is narrower at the base.''

8. C. HEIMBURGI Kobelt. PI. 51, figs. 42, 43.

Shell scarcely rimate-perforate, ovate-acuminate, solid,
scarcely shining (subfossil) ; white ornamented with wide
irregular brown streaks. Spire exactly conic, the summit
rather obtuse, apex turned in; suture impressed, somewhat
irregular, much lacerated at the lower whorls. Whorls S 1 ^,
very little convex, the upper ones regularly costellate-striate,
the following distinctly costellate, last whorl with the riblets
more or less obsolete, irregular, smoother towards the base;
longer than the spire, irregularly descending in front, sloping
to the aperture above. Aperture ovate, acuminate above,
subvertical, whitish inside ; peristome a little thickened, obese,
the margins joined by a thick callous, the outer and columellar
margins subparallel; outer margin straight, deeply sinuate

202 CLAVATOR.

in the middle; basal margin expanded, spreading, but only
slightly reflexed; columellar margin thickened, dilated, re-
flexed, nearly closing the umbilicus, peculiarly excavated in-
wardly. Parietal callous with a somewhat tooth-like fold,
alt. 51, diam. 25 mm., aperture 24 mm. high, 17.5 wide out-
side. (Kobelt).

Madagascar (F. Sikora) .

Clavator heimburgi KOB., Conchy!. Cab. p. 730, pi. 107,
t. 13, 14; Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. 1901, p. 96.

9. C. EXIMIUS (Shuttle worth). PI. 51, figs. 45, 46.

Shell dextral, cylindric, thin, striate, obsoletely decussate
with wide-spaced spiral lines, olivaceous-brown, somewhat
glossy. Spire long, the apex conoid, obtuse, pale. Whorls
8, slightly convex, the upper ones slowly, the lower rapidly in-
creasing; last whorl two-fifths the total length. Columellar
plate thick, white, strongly twisted, tapering downwards and
scarcely truncate. Aperture narrow, inverted subauriform;
peristome simple, unexpanded, acute. Length 120, diam. 40
mm.; aperture 46 mm. long, 24 wide (Shuttlew.).

Madagascar (Verreaux).

Spiraxis eximia SHUTTLEW., Diagn. n. Moll. no. 2, in Mit-

theil. Bernischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 1852, p.

208. PFR. Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 469. Achatina eximia

SHUTTW., Notitise Conchologieas ii, p. 13, pi. 4, f. 2 (1877).

Clavator eximius Sh., KOBELT, Conchy!. Cab. p. 653.

Shuttle worth's description and figures are reproduced.
The type was an immature shell, remarkable for its great
size. Smaller forms of the species occurring on the south-
west coast, have been described as B. balstoni, and a larger
specimen as C. herculea. These several forms seem to be
separated by no important differences apart from size. They
seem to be local races.

Bulimus columba Brug., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 319, may have
been based upon this species, but it was not recognizably de-
scribed, and has never been identified.

9a. Var. herculeus (Ancey).

Shell the size of eximia; differs from Cl. balstoni Angas

CLAVATOR. 203

not only in the great size but also in the more produced spire,
9 instead of 8 whorls, the shell longer and a little more
solid, aperture more thickened, columellar margin longer,
thick, the summit subacute. (Ancey.)

Length 144, diam. 45.5, alt. aperture 48 mm.

Length 139, diam. 41, alt. aperture 42.5 mm.

Northwestern Madagascar (Humblot).

Bulimus hcrculeus ANCEY in Mabille, Diagnoses test, nov.,
in Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, ser. 7, x, 1885-86, p. 182.-
Clavator herculeus (Anc.) Mab., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p.
972. Clavator balstoni Angas var. ? herculea Ancey, The
Nautilus xvi, p. 68.

This form is spirally striate like C. eximius, of which it is
apparently merely a local variety. The last measurements
given above are from Ancey 's original description.

96. Var. BALSTONI Angas. PI. 51, fig. 44; pi. 50, fig. 39.

"Shell imperf orate, elongately ovate, somewhat thin, shin-
ing, irregularly striated, and crossed here and there with con-
centric lines, giving portions of the surface somewhat of a
tessellated appearance, rich chestnut-brown, paler towards
the apex; spire elongately conical, somewhat obtuse at the
apex; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last longer than the spire;
sutures impressed, margined, and crenulated; aperture
ovately oblong, bluish purple within; outer lip slightly arcu-
ate, and a little thickened at the edge; inner lip with a
strong callous, which is slightly flattened and expanded over
the columella."

"Alt. 3 inches 9 lines, diam. 1 inch 4 lines; length of aper-
ture 1 inch 5 lines, breadth 9 lines." (Aug.).

Madagascar: Ekongo on the southeast coast (Waters);
Imeriiia (F. Sikora) ; Antankaratra country (Humblot).

Bulimus balstoni ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 527, pi. 54, f. 7.-
Clavator eximius Sh., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. Buliminus, pi.
100, f. 1. Clavator balstoni Angas, ANCEY, Nautilus xvi,
p. 68.

This fine snail differs from C. eximius in little but the
smaller size. Angas' type measures about 93 mm. long; that

204 RIEBECKIA.

drawn in pi. 50, fig. 39, is 97 mm. long, and Kobelt figures a
shell 100 mm. long. The type of C. eximius, not fully mature,
is 120 mm. long.

The last whorl is rich chestnut with darker and lighter
streaks, preceding whorls being mainly yellow with chestnut
streaks. The suture is hardly impressed at first, but its
depth increases to the last whorl. On the last three whorls
it has a distinct, crenulate margin below. The striation is
weak and irregular on the later whorls, and the spiral decussa-
tion while weak is readily visible.

Ancey remarks that a specimen from Imerina is shorter and
more ventricose than others he has seen.

9c. Var. crossei Kobelt, PI. 50, figs. 40, 41.

Shell smaller, the length about 85 mm. ; spiral sculpture
inconspicuous.

Clavdtor eximius CROSSE et FISCHER, in Grandidier, Moll.
Madag., pi. 22, f. 1, la. Clav. crossei or Cl. eximius var.
crossei KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 654, pi. 100, f. 2, 3 (copied
from C. & F.).

Crosse and Fischer 's figures, copied on my plate, show faint
spiral striation on the penult, whorl. I consider this, like
C. balstoni, merely a small form of C. eximius. .

Genus RIEBECKIA v. Martens, 1883.

Riebeckia v. MART., Conchol. Mittheilungen ii, p. 148
(1883), type Stenogyra sokotorana. KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab.
i, lOte Abth., p. 84. SMITH, in The Natural History of
Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri, 1903. pp. 131-137 (monograph).
-Balfouria CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1884. p. 356. for
Stenogyra hirsuta G.-A.

Shell turrited, perforate or closed, composed of 10 to 15
compactly coiled whorls ; pale, not variegated, vertically stri-
ate, decussate or smooth, rarely hairy. The two embryonic
whorls form a globose, obtuse summit, which is retained en-
tire in the adult stage. Aperture less than one-fourth the
total length, the outer lip simple, columella vertical or arcuate,
vn tying from distinctly truncate below to almost, continuous.

RIEBECKIA. 205

Radula of R. sokotorana, according to data supplied v.
Martens by Schako, has the middle tooth weakly tricuspid,
not so small as the simple one of Achatina. The lateral teeth
are bicuspid as in Limicolaria and Pseudoglessula rctifcrn.
while they are tricuspid in most Stenogyras. The marginal
teeth are bicuspid as in AcJuttinn, in part with the side cusp
bifid. .

Type R. sokotorana.

Distribution, Island of Socotra.

Beyond the dentition, nothing is known of the soft ana-
tomy of this group. Its position in the series is therefore
quite uncertain. The species are figured on plate 54 and
part of 55.

1. R. SOKOTORANA (Martens). PI. 54, figs. 73 to 79.

Shell turrited, solid, delicately cancellated with vertical
wrinkles and impressed spiral lines, pale yellow and white,
uniform. Whorls 11-13, the first two forming an obtuse apex,
the following regularly increasing, a little convex, the later
whorls proportionally high. Aperture occupying about two-
aevenths the total length ; outer margin simple, obtuse,
columellar margin arcuate, subvertical, obliquely truncate and
emarginate below. Length 56-76, diam. 18-24, length of aper-
ture 17-22, width 10-14 mm. (Marts.).

Socotra : Eastern end of the island, 011 limestone. Occurs
in enormous numbers in the ground under rock ledges.

Achatina sokotorana v. MARTENS, Nach. mal. Ges. xiii, Oct.
1881. p. 135. Stenogyra (Riebeckia) sokotorana v. MARTS.,
Couchol. Mittheil. ii, p. 147, pi. 29, f. 1-8 (1883). E. A.
SMITH, Nat. Hist, Sokotra etc., p. 131 pi. 13, f. 15, a young
shell. R. sokotorana KOBELT, Conch. Cab. p. 84, pi. 28, f. 1-3.
Stenogyra fumificatus GODWIN- AUSTEN, P. Z. S. 1881, p.
810, pi. 69, f. 2 (reproduced in SMITH, N. II. Sokotra, p. 131,
f. a, b.).

The shells of this species are often used for pipe bowls by
the natives. It differs from the following species by the
large size of the apex, and the distinctly channeled suture,
especially of the upper whorls (pi. 54, figs. 77-79).

206 RIEBECKIA.

2. R. DECIPIENS (E. A. Smith). PI. 54, fig. 83 (and fig. 82).

' ' Shell similar to that of S. sokotorana, but more attenuated
at the apex ; suture not channelled ; sculpture finer and not
cancellated." (Smith).

Length 88, diameter 30 mm. ; apert. 27 mm. long.

Length 78, diameter 25 mm. ; apert. 22 mm. long.

Sokotra: Adho Dimellus, 3500-4000 ft. Underground at
base of high granite cliffs (H. 0. Forbes).

Stenogyra (Riebeckia) decipiens E. A. SMITH, Journ. of
Malacol., vi, p. 37 (Jan. 22, 1898) ; Nat, Hist, of Sokotra
etc., p. 132, pi. 13, f. 14, young shell.

"Larger than S. sokotorana. Although quite similar in
general appearance, as I have stated in the Journal of Mala-
cology (loc. cit.), this species is certainly distinct from
S. sokotorana. The top of the spire is more slender, the
suture is not deeply cni or channelled, and the sculpture is
much finer, consisting of fine lines of growth and excessively
fine spiral striae. It is possible that some of the shells fig-
ured by Martens (Conch. Mittheil, vol. II, pi. 29) may belong
to this species, figs. 7a, 7b, and 8 especially having a very
striking resemblance to it ' (Smith).

PI. 54, fig. 82 is a copy of one of v. Marten's figures which
Mr. Smith believes to be referable to decipiens.

3. R. GOLLONSIRENSIS (Godwin-Austen) . PL 54, figs. 80, 81.
' ' Shell dextral, elongately turreted ; sculpture smooth, with

shallow lines of growth; color dull white; spire turreted,
apex rounded, solid ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 12,
sides very slightly convex ; aperture fusiform ; peristome thin ;
columellar margin solid, straight, and scarcely reflected.
(G.-A.).

Length 61.8, diam. 18.2, alt. apert. 14.3, width 9.2 mm.

Sokotra: On limestone at an altitude of over 1000 ft. on
the top of the ridge overlooking Gollonsir village, and on the
S. W. of it; at the west end of the island, not abundant
(Bent) ; Homhil, 1500-2500 ft,; under roots of bushes on the
top of Ilamaderu (Forbes).

Slenogyra gollonsircnsis G. A., P. Z. S. 1881, p. 809, pi. 69,

RIEBECKIA. 207

f. 1. 8. (R.) gallon sir ensis SMITH, Nat. Hist. Sokotra, etc.,
p. 132, pi. 13, f. 12.

"In the form of its aperture this shell approaches the sub-
genus Bacillum of Theobald, from Eastern India." (G.-A.).

"This species is about the same size as S. sokotorana, but
differs in form and sculpture. The body-whorl is very much
shorter and the other whorls higher than in that species. In
fresh specimens the sculpture consists of fine lines of growth,
crossed by excessively fine crowded spiral striaB, giving the
surface a subangular textured appearance. The epidermis is
yellowish olive, interrupted at the middle of the body-whorl,
so that the lower is whitish. Here and there occur a few
brown streaks in the direction of the lines of growth. The
type of the species is a dead bleached shell which has lost
most of the surface sculpture through exposure to the
weather ' ' (Smith) .

4. R. ADONENSIS (Godwin- Austen). PL 55, figs. 85, 86, 87, 88.

"Shell not rimate, dextral, elongately turreted, glassy, pol-
ished ; a few faint longitudinal shallow lines of growth ; colour
very pale ochraceous; spire high, sides slightly convex; apex
blunt, rounded, and rather rapidly tapering at the fifth whorl ;
suture shallow, adpressed ; whorls 10, somewhat convex ; aper-
ture elongately oval, subvertical; peristome thin; columellar
margin thin, straight. Length 24.8, diam. 8.5, alt. apert. 7
mm. (G.-A.)

Sokotra: only found in one locality, east of Hadibu, near
a place called Adona, altitude over 1500 feet, rock granite
(Bent). Adho Dimellus, 3500-4500 ft; Homhil, 1500-2500
ft. (Forbes). Above the Wady Kischen, in crevices in the
granite, 1000 meters elev. (Riebeck and Schweinfurth).

Stenogyra adonensis G.-A., P. Z. S. 1881, p. 810, pi. 69, f.
4, 4a. 8. (R.) adonensis SMITH, Nat. Hist. Sokotra, etc., p.
134. Stcnogyra socotorana v. MARTS. Nachrbl. D. mal. Ges.
1881, p. 137. 8. enodis v. MARTS. Conchol. Mittheil. ii, p.
149, pi. 28, f. 14-16 (not of Godwin- Austen).

"This shell approaches somewhat in its general form to
B. mtn/ilfHsis Craven, from Magila, East Africa." (G.-A.).

208 RIEBECKIA.

"This species varies considerably in stoutness, some ex-
amples being 1 much more slender than others. The type is
25 millim. long and 8y 2 broad. A narrowed specimen is 26
long and 7y 2 broad, whereas the broadest example is 23y 2
long and 9 in diameter. Although the extreme forms have a
very dissimilar look, they appear to be connected by the
intermediate links occurring in the series of specimens ex-
amined. A comparison of a typical specimen of 8. sokotorana
kindly submitted by Professor von Martens, proves that that
species is identical with the present and not with 8. fniodis,
as he originally supposed. The latter, the type of which was
a very young shell, is a very much more slender form alto-
gether, and of a pellucid white color, the present species being
greenish yellow." (Smith}.

5. R. ENODIS ( Godwin- Austen) . PI. 55, figs. 97, 98.

"Shell dextral, elongately turreted, not rimate, very thin,
glassy, diaphanous; no sculpture; color milky white; spire
long, apex blunt and rounded, suture moderately deep ; whorls
9, sides convex, regularly increasing; aperture quadrate, sub-
vertical (not fully formed) ; peristome thin; columellar margin
straight, vertical. Length 13, diam. 4, alt. aperture 2.8
mm. (G.-A.).

Sokotra : South side of the island, from limestone rocks, al-
titude 1000 feet. (Balfour) ; Jena-agahan, 1200-2500 ft.
(Bent) ; under stones on Gebel Fedehen (H. 0. Forbes).

Stenogyra (Subulina?) enodis G.-A., P. Z. S. 1881, p. 811,
pi. 69, f. 5 (young shell). S. (Riebcckia') enodis SMITH, Nat.
Hist. Sokotra, p. 135, pi. 13, f. 16.

"The unique type being a very young shell, gives only a
poor idea of this interesting species. The largest specimen
examined consists of 15 whorls, and is 37 mm. in length, 8 in
diameter. The aperture is inversely auriform, and the colu-
mella a little thickened and arcuate, and exhibits a slight
anterior truncation. The last whorl is rounded at the peri-
phery " (Smith).

6. R. INSCULPTA (E. A. Smith). PI. 54, fig. 84.

"Shell subulate, imperforate, white; whorls 15, very gently

RIEBECKIA. 209

increasing, separated by a deep oblique suture, the two apical
smooth, convex, tabulate above, forming an obtuse apex, the
following 5-6 somewhat convex, the rest less convex, flattish,
sculptured with slightly oblique strias, close and peculiarly
crenulated, the last angulated at the periphery, not descend-
ing; aperture angularly oval; peristome slender, simple;
columellar margin narrowly reflexed.

: ' Length 37, diameter 6 mm.; aperture 5 mm. long and 3
broad." (Smith).

Sokotra (Mrs. Bent).

Stenogyra (Riebeckia) insculpta SMITH, Journ. of Mala-
cology vi, p. 37, pi. 5, f. 7 (Jan. 22, 1898) ; Nat. Hist. So-
kotra, p. 136, fig.

' This species is remarkable for the peculiar sculpture, con-
sisting of close-set slightly oblique raised lines of growth,
which being crossed by numerous transverse impressed striae,
have a prettily festooned or crenulated appearance. It differs
from 8. arguta Martens, in sculpture, in the angulation of the
body- whorl and more tapering form." (Smith).

7. R. ARGUTA (Martens). PI. 55, figs. 89, 90.

Shell subulate-turrited, perforate, closely sharply vertically
fltriate ; white, usually with a ferruginous incrustation.
Whorls 11, the first two forming an obtuse apex, smooth, the
following regularly increasing, the upper whorls rather con-
vex, the lower ones flattened, suture moderately impressed.
Aperture occupying one-fourth the total length; outer mar-
gin thin, little arcuate; columellar margin reflexed, spirally
entering above, tapering downwards. Length 20, diam. 5,
length of aperture 5, width 3 mm. (v. Marts.)

Sokotra: "Wady Kischen at 650 meters elev., and above up
to 1000 meters, in crevices in the granite. Also at Keregnigi
(Riebeck and Schweinf urth) . Hadibu plain; Adho Dimel-
lus, 3500-4500 ft; Homhil, 1500-2500 ft. (Forbes exped.).

Stenogyra arguta v. MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. mal. Ges. 1881,
p. 138; Conch. Mittheil. ii, p. 149, pi. 28, f. 17, 18 S. (R.)
arguta SMITH Nat. Hist. Sokotra, p. 136. Stenogyra Jessica
GODWIN-AUSTEN, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 810, pi. 69, f. 3.Steno-

210 RIEBECKIA.

gyro, (Opeas?} hirsutus G.-A., t. c., p. 811, pi. 69, f. 6, 6a.
S. (Balfouria] kirsuta G.-A., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl.
1884, p. 356.

Mr. Smith writes of this species as follows: "After care-
fully examining the types of S. Jessica and S. hirsutus, and
the series of specimens obtained by Dr. Forbes and Mr.
Grant, I feel convinced that only one species is represented.
The types of S. Jessica are worn bleached shells which have
lost the 'hairs' retained by S. hirsutus, the unique type of
which is merely a very young shell, but in fresh condition.
This was commented upon by Martens when describing his
8. arguta. Specimens vary somewhat in form, some being
longer and more slender than others. The specimen examined
is 23 mm. long and 6 broad. A shorter example is 17 in
length and 5y 2 in diameter. One of the specimens from
Homhil is in perfect condition, being clothed with a beau-
tiful hairy periostracum, the 'hairs' being arranged in rows
upon the lines of growth, and longer than in the type."

The original descriptions of S. Jessica and 8. hirsutus
follow :

S. Jessica (pi. 55, fig. 93). "Shell elongately turreted,
dextral, decollate in the three specimens obtained, scarcely
rimate ; sculpture very fine longitudinal ribbing ; color white ;
spire long, with sides flatly convex; suture very shallow;
whorls 8-\- ; sides very flat ; aperture oval, oblique, angulate
above; peristome thin; columellar margin weak and but
slightly reflected. Length 19.2, diam. 5.3, alt. of aperture
5 mm." (G.-A.)

Not very common, on the limestone-ridge S. W. of Gollonsir,
at high altitudes; at 1000 ft. on south side of the island.
(Balfour.)

S. hirsutus (pi. 55, figs. 91, 92). "Shell dextral, elongately
turreted, scarcely rimate, covered with a thick epidermis;
sculpture a rough surface with regularly disposed longitu-
dinal lines of fine hairs (fig. 92); color dull ochre; spire
elongate, sides flat, apex blunt, suture well impressed ; whorls
11, sides slightly convex; aperture oval, oblique; peristome
thin; columellar margin thin, slightly reflected. Length 11,
diam. 3, alt. of aperture 2 mm." (G. A.).

RUMINA. 211

Found underneath granite boulders on hills above Adona,
altitude over 2000 feet (Balfour).

S. hirsutus is the type and only species of the undefined
section Balfouria Crosse, 1884.

Genus RUMINA Risso, 1826.

Bumina Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 79, for R. de-
collata L. Orbit ina Risso, t. c., p. 82 (young of R. decol-
lata). Cylindrina SCHLUETER, Syst. Verzeich., p. 7, 1838, for
C. decollata. Sira A. SCHMIDT, Der Geschlechtsapparat der
Stylommatophoreii in taxonomischer Hinsicht, in Abhandl.
naturwiss. Veredns fiir Sachsen u. Thiiringen in Halle, i, p.
42 (1855), type 8. decollata. Stenogyra of many authors.

Shell perforate, cylindric or tapering, 4 to 7 whorls re-
maining in adults in which the summit is truncate and closed
by a spiral convex septum ; about 8 to 10 whorls having been
lost by successive breakages. Aperture subvertical, ovate, the
outer lip simple, obtuse; columella vertical, slightly concave,
continuous with the basal lip ; columellar margin reflexed.
Apex globular, smooth, fine striae appearing on the third
whorl ; young shells with concave lateral outlines.

Genitalia (pi. 65, fig. 46, x 3). The penis is a rather slen-
der sack, with terminal retractor and vas deferens, the latter
imbedded in its integument. The vagina is longer than the
penis; duct of the spermatheca short.

The pallial organs (pi. 65, fig. 44, x 3) resemble those of
Limicolaria and Achatina in the type of venation of the lung,
but differ in the much shorter kidney (fc), less than double
the length of the pericardium. The secondary or gut ureter
(s. u.) is closed.

The right ocular and tentacular muscles are united prox-
imally with the columellar muscle. The pharyngeal retractor
unites with the left ocular band (pi. 65, fig. 45). The re-
tractor of the penis is a branch of the right ocular band. The
salivary glands are united around the oesophagus (pi. 65, figs.
43, 44, s. 01.)-

The jaw is arcuate, with rather weak vertical striae.

The radula (page ix, fig. 5) has a narrow tricuspid central

212 RUMINA.

tooth, and tricuspid laterals. The marginal teeth are formed
by suppression of the entocone, being thus bicuspid.

The eggs are globular, white, and about 2.5 mm. diam.

Distribution, Mediterranean region, in Europe, Asia and
Africa.

This genus is apparently related to Homorus and to the
tropical American Stenogyra (8. obeliscus, etc.), with both of
which it agrees in the structure of the embryonic shell and in
dentition. The soft anatomy of Homorus, the large Steno-
gyras and Riebeckia is not sufficiently known for any exact
comparisons. Rumina is undoubtedly a genus of African
origin. Where it occurs, it lives in profusion, so that the
absence of so conspicuous a snail from European tertiary de-
posits seems to signify a geologically recent advent of the
genus in Europe.

With the normal Achatinoid musculature of the penis,
Rumina has not the penial complications of Ach'atina and its
immediate relatives.

R. DECOLLATA (Linne). Plate 53; pi. 55, fig. 99.

Shell narrowly riniate, cylindric or cylindric-tapering,
truncate and closed by a spiral convex plug at the summit;
rather thin, glossy, pale flesh-tinted or whitish, the young
light brown. Surface irregularly striate, distinctly so below
the suture, more or less malleate, and usually showing some
spiral lines of vertical punctures. 4 to 6 whorls usually re-
main in adults ; they are but slightly convex. Aperture ovate,
the outer lip simple, more or less thickened within ; columella
vertical, nearly straight, its edge reflexed above, almost clos-
ing the minute umbilical crevice. Length 30, diam. 11-12 mm.

Entire Mediterranean region, the typical forms' from south-
ern France, Italy, Sicily, Canary Is. Introduced in the
Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde Is., Bermuda, Santo Do-
mingo, Cuba (Havana), Charleston, South Carolina.

Helix decollata L., Syst. Nat. (10), p. 773. Bulimus decol-
latus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 326. PFEIPPER, Monogr.
Hel. Viv., ii, 152 ; iii, 397 ; iv, 456 ; vi, 94 ; viii, 130. LOWE,
Journ. Linn. Soc., v, 1861, p. 202, with var. l&vigata and var.

RUMINA. 213

decussata, p. 203. BOURGUIGNAT, Malacologie de 1'Algerie, ii,
1864, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 1-21 (varieties). Stenogyra d. var. clavi-
formis KOB., Jahrb., ix, 1882, p. 71. Cf. Zool. Rec., 1898, p.
60 (cerebral ganglia) ; Wiegmann in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse
einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, iii, pp. 220, 221
(anatomy). Binney, Terrestrial Mollusks, v, p. 192, pi. 50, f.
1 (shell), pi. iv, f. Q (teeth). Rumina decollata Risso, Hist.
Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 79. FISCHER & CROSSE, Moll. Mex., i,
p. 630, pi. 28, f. 16, 17 (teeth) .Stenogyra decollata L.,
KOBELT in Rossmassler 's Iconogr. n. F., i, p. 54, pi. 20, f.
157-167 (varieties) ; Supplem., p. 59, pi. 21, f. 6, 7 (Cyprus) ;
Nachbl. D. M. Ges., 1885, p. 42 (large form). Bulimus multi-
latus SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 373 (1822).
B. "mutilatus Say' : Binney, The Complete Writings of
Thomas Say, p. 25 (1858). Bulimus truncatus Zgl., teste
MOUSSON, Malak. Bl., 1856, p. 177 ; Jahrb., i, p. 93. Bulimus
paivce LOWE, Journal and Proc. Linnean Soc., v, 1861, p. 201.

Orbitina truncatella Risso, t. c., p. 82, pi. 3, f. 25, and 0.
incomparabilis Risso, p. 82, pi. 3, f. 23 (young). Bulimus
decapitatus SPIX, Testae. Bras., p. 8, pi. 8, f. 3.

The references could be greatly extended, only a few lead-
ing ones appearing above. For others see Pfr., Kobelt, et al.

There are three subspecies of R. decollata: (1) the large
African form, further distinguished by its decussated sur-
face; (2) the South European typical form, Spain to Sicily,
of moderate size, malleated; and (3) the small, slender form
of Greece and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean.

Subspecies PAIV/E Lowe. PI. 53, all figs, except 63 and 70.

Shell large or very large, robust, and usually conspicuously
decussated on the spire. This is the African race, Morocco to
Algeria. Various local varieties have been defined. In addi-
tion to the following, I find a var. saharica Deb. from southern
Morocco mentioned (J. de C., xlvi, p. 161), but have seen no
description or figure of it. Rumina atlantica Pallary, Mem.
Soc. Geol. France, Paleontology, ix, 1901, is a fossil form ap-
parently referable to paivce. Pfeiffer in 1848 (Monographia,
ii, p. 153) applied the term "major" to large decollata, but

214 RUMINA.

he did not use it in a binomial or trinomial sense, and it is
preoccupied.

(1) Var. maxima Bgt., pi. 53, figs. 65, 66, very large and
cylindric, the spiral sculpture very distinct, length 45 to 60
mm. It is widely distributed in the province of Oran.

(2) Var. lanceolata Bgt., pi. 53, fig. 69, is large, lanceolate,
from La Calle, near Algiers, Batna, etc.

(3) Var. ventricosa Bgt., pi. 53, figs. 64, 68, ventricose at
base, the spire acuminate. Environs of Oran, in the moun-
tains (fig. 68) ; Sidi-bel- Abbes (fig. 64).

(4) Var. cornea Bgt., of a very dark corneous tint. Mo-
staghanem, Boghar, etc.

(5) Var. flammulata Bgt., pi. 53, figs. 71, 72, whitish with
corneous flammules. Oran, Bougie.

(6) Var. paivcs Lowe. Livid or purplish brown or fawn-
color, also within the mouth ; thick, strong and heavy ; whole
surface equably and finely decussated with spiral lines cross-
ing the close, distinct and even striae of growth, which are not
conspicuously stronger at the sutures as they are in typical
decollata. 39-44 x 16 mm., apert. 13-14 mm. long. Rabat,
Morocco (Lowe). R. decollata var. maura Crosse (J. de C.,
1873, 137), pi. 53, fig. 60, 50 mm. long, is identical. Kobelt
also figures specimens referable to maura from Nemours,
western Algeria (pi. 53, fig. 61), and the var. fusca Pallary
(J. de C., xlvi, 1898, p. 123) from Tetuan, etc., is probably
allied or identical.

(7) Var. claviformis Kobelt, pi. 53, fig. 62, is a further
development of paivcu, from which it differs in the club-like
shape. It is from Nemours.

(8) Var. decussata Lowe. Shell similar to typical decollata
in color and appearance, but it is in the average more robust,
with a well-developed parietal callous, the surface more closely
and deeply decussated, like the African forms. Rome, Malta,
southern Spain, Canary Is. This race, defined by Lowe in
1861, is generally distinguishable. The specimens from Rome
may be descendants of Carthaginian examples, introduced
about 2000 years ago. Those of Malta and southern Spain
probably indicate former geographic relations with Africa.

RUMINA. 215

Subsp. DECOLLATA (L.). PL 53, fig. 70; pi. 55, fig. 99.

The surface is malleated but scarcely decussate, there being
some spiral rows of vertical impressions only ; the size is mod-
erate, about 24 to 30 mm. long, the diam. generally exceeding
one-third the length. This is the form of southern France
(fig. 70), etc., and which has been spread by commerce in
the islands of the Atlantic and as far as America. The speci-
mens before me from the Canaries seem also to be of this
stock. Also the form of southern Spain (pi. 53, fig. 63, Ter-
ragona; after Kobelt) ; but var. decussata is also reported
from Spain.

The anatomy of a specimen from Malta is figured; see
under the generic description. The count of teeth of the
radula varies, Fischer giving it as 50, 1, 50; Wiegmann as
42, 1, 42; and Binney as 38, 1, 38. The radula I examined
was frayed at the edges.

Subsp. GRACILIS Pfr. PL 55, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell corneous-brown or whitish-corneous, with the sculp-
ture of typical decollata, but small and very narrow, and
either cylindric or tapering. Whorls usually more numerous,
6-7. Length 20, diam. 8 mm. with 4 whorls; 27 x 8 mm. with
6 whorls (measurement to outer edge of lip).

Greece (Patras, Athens, etc.), Crete (figs. 1, 3), Naxos,
Rhodes (fig. 2), Cyprus, Smyrna, and the Syrian coast gen-
erally.

Bui. decollatus var. gracilis PFR., Mai. BL, iii, 1857, p. 177.
Smyrna (Bui. truncatus Ziegler in Mousson, according to
Pfr., 1. c.}. Not Bui. truncatus Brug. Bui. decollatus var.
minor Bgt., Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, p. 6, pi. 1, f. 14, 15
(Smyrna), f. 16 (Algeria), f. 17 (Syria). 1864.

This small, cylindric, Eastern race is apparently separated
from the typical decollata by an area without Rumina along
the western coast of the Adriatic. It is reported from several
Algerian localities by Bourguignat, but whether these shells
are another and parallel small race remains to be ascertained.

216 APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

TRICHODINA Ancey (p. 182).

Dall has shown that this name is preoccupied. It was used
by Ehrenberg in 1830 for an infusorian (not a foraminifer,
as he states) . He therefore proposes to substitute the term
Petriola (Nautilus, xviii, April, 1905, p. 143). This necessi-
tates a change in the arrangement of my text. The groups
should stand thus:

Genus BOCAGEIA Girard (p. 191), type lotopkaga.
Subg. PETRIOLA Dall, type marmorea.

ACHATINA LEUCOSTYLA Pils. Page 45.

This form proves to be so different in genitalia from A.
panthera that it will stand 'as a species. See anatomical notes
in introductory pages of this volume.

Achatina (Liguus) unizonata Cristofori et Jan. Shell
conic-ovate, ventrieose, smooth, whitish, zoned with a brown
line ; interior margin of the columellar lip white, outer brown.
1 inch 10 lines high, 1 inch wide, aperture 11 lines long, 6
wide. South America. (Catalogus, etc., sect, ii, part 1, p. 4;
Mantissa, p. 2, no. 7-4. 1832).

Probably a synonym of Liguus fasciatus.

Chersina imperialis Beck, Index Moll., p. 74. "Afr. oc."
Nude name = Pseudotrochus.

Achatina serpentina Beck, Index Moll., p. 76. Afric.
occid. (?). Nude name.

Atopococlilis exarata (Mull.). Vol. xvi, p. 218. Add the
synonyms : Bidimus crystallinus Greef , Zool. Anzeiger, 1882,
p. 520, and Pseudachatina vitrea Greef, Sitzungsber. Ges. zu
Marburg, 1884, p. 51. See Jornal de Cien. Math., Phys. e
Nat. Lisboa, iii, 1893, p. 38.

LIMICOLARIA JOUBINI Rocliebrune et Grennain.

Shell perforate (perforation half covered), ovoid oblong,
rather solid, opaque, finely striajtulate, pale ochraceous, irreg-
ularly ornamented here and there with wine-violet flammules.
Spire oblong, obtuse at the summit, the apex smooth. Whorls

APPENDIX. 217

7, a little convex, slowly and regularly increasing, separated
by a somewhat impressed suture, the last whorl convex, occu-
pying three-fifths the length. Aperture suboblique, semilu-
nate, elongate, acutely angulate above, subangular below at the
base of the columella, moderately convex outwardly. Peri-
stome unexpanded, acute; columella straight, dilated above,
tapering downwards. Length 44 to 46, diam. 22 to 24.5 mm. ;
aperture alt. 18, diam. 11.5 mm. (Rochbr. et Germ.).

Congo valley: between the rivers Aba and Dongou, at an
elevation of 1100 meters.

Limicotaria joubini R. et G., Bull, du Mus. d'Hist. Nat.
(Paris), 1904, p. 142.

LIMICOLARIA CENTRALIS Germain.

This species belongs to the series of large Limicolarias of
the group of L. turriformis Martens, but is distinguished
from the latter by its shape, being more enlarged at the base,
relatively less long with an equal diameter; by the more
rapid increase of the spire, composed of only 9 whorls, which
are much less convex, the profile being nearly flat; the last
whorl is relatively more developed, .64 of the total length
(while in turriformis it is only .57). The sutures are less
deep ; the aperture is larger, the columella more strongly pli-
cate, the umbilicus larger, and bounded by a stronger angle.
This species is particularly notable for its Glandiniform ap-
pearance. It reaches the following dimensions: length 79,
greatest width 33.5, height of aperture 37, width 18 mm.

French Soudan, along the bend of the Niger (General de
Trentinian, 1898).

L. centralis Germ., Bull, du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
annee 1904. no. 7, p. 467.

Germain's description, given above, has not been illus-
trated. The species may be placed next to L. kambeul (vol.
xvi, p. 251).

INDEX TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA CON
TAINED IN VOL. XVII.

[The names of synonyms are distinguished by Italic type.]

Achatina Lam., i.
Achatinus Montf., I.
Aclmtium Link, I, 3.
Ampulla Bolt, i, 3.
Archachatina Alb., 104.
Batfouria Crosse, 204.
Bocageia Gir., 182, 191.
Bulimus auct, 171, 192, 212.
Callistopepla Anc., 125.
Callistoplepa Anc., 125.
Ceras D. & P., 155.
Chersina Humph., i.
Chilonopsis F. de W., 171.
Clavator Marts., 192.
Cochlitoma Fer., 76.
Columna Perry, 120.
Ganomidos d'Ailly, 125.
Homorus Alb., 130.
Leptocala Anc., 72.

Leptocallista Pils., 75.
Obeliscus auct., 192.
Oncaea Gist, i, 71.
Pachyotus auct., 171.
Parachatina Bgt., I, 5.
Petitia Jouss., 72.
Petriola Ball, 216.
Pintoa Bgt., 24.
Pseudoglessula Bttg., 156.
Riebeckia Marts., 204.
Rumina Risso, 212.
Serpaea Bgt., i : 21.
Stenogyra auct., 204.
Subulina auct., 130.
Subulona Marts., 138.
Trichodina, Anc., 182, 216.
Tripachatina Bgt., 5.
Urceus Klein, i.

(219)

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

VOL, XVII.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE PAGE

1, 3. Pseudotrochus alabaster Rang. After Semper .... x

2. Pseudotrochus alabaster Rang. After Rang x

4, 5. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum Rve. After Furtado. x

6-9. Atopocochlis exarata Mull. After Furtado x

(a, exit of vas deferens from the penis sheath. &,
entrance of v. d. into penis sheath, cd, vas defer-
ens. ce, ovisperm duct, ed, vas deferens. ga, al-
bumen gland, gp, sheath of the penis, gk, her-
maphrodite gland, m, retractor muscle, o, ovi-
duct, op, atrum. p, penis, sp, spermatheca. w,
uterus, v, vagina.)

PLATE 2.

10. Achatina wehvitschi Morel. After Morelet 17

11, 12. Achatina paivana Morel. After Morelet 17

13, 14. Achatina tavaresiana Morel. After Morelet .... 21

15, 16. Leptocala specularis Morel. After Morelet 74

PLATE 3.

17, 18, 19. Achatina bayaona Morel. After Morelet 20

20, 21. Achatina bandeirana Morel. After Morelet 19

PLATE 4.

22,23. Achatina infrafusca Martens. Conch. Mittheil. . 32

24,25. Achatina colubrina Morel. Voy. Welwitsch , 27

26. Achatina perfecta Morel. Voy. Welwitsch 15

27. Achatina balteata Rve. C. Icon 30

(221)

222 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PA.QB

PLATE 5.

1. Cochlitoma schenckii Mart. Conch. Mittheil 96

2-5. Achatdna polychroa Morel. Voy. Welwitsch 26

6. Achatina monetaria Morel. Voy. Welwitsch 19

PLATE 6.

7, 8, 9. Achatina hortensiae Morel. Voy. Welwitsch 22

10. Achatina indotata Rve. C. Icon 83

11, 12. Achatina buechneri Marts. C. Mittheil 10

13, 14. Achatina zebriolata Morel. Voy. Welwitsch 26

PLATE 7.

15. Achatina schweinf urthi Marts. Novit. Conch 61

16-18. Achatina craveni Smith. P. Z. S 66

PLATE 8.

19, 20. Achatina glaucina Anc. P. Z. S 64

21. Achatina hamillei Pet. J. de Conch 53

22. Achatina hamillei var. P. Z. S 54

PLATE 9.

23. 24. Achatina glutinosa Pfr. After Pfeiffer 61

25, 26. Achatina fragilis Sm. P. Z. S. . . 63

PLATE 10.

27, 28. Achatina semisculpta Pfr. Moll. Guin. Inf 15

29. Achatina semisculpta Pfr. C. Icon 15

30, 31. Achatina dohrniana Pfr. Novit. Conch 18

PLATE 11.

32, 33. Achatina dammarensis Pfr. Novit. Conch 21

34. Achatina thomsoni Sm. P. Z. S 69

35. Achatina immaculata Lam. Fer., Hist 50

36. Achatina smithii Craven. P. Z. S 91

PLATE 12.

37. Cochlitoma simplex Smith. Specimen 98

38. Cochlitoma parthenia M. & P. Am. Mag 100

39. Achatina layardi Pfr. Novit. Conch 51

40. 41. Achatina jolmsoni Sm. P. Z. S 5

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 223

FIGUUE PAGE

PLATE 13.

42. Achatina randabeli Bgt. Moll. Afr. Equat 69

43. Achatina albopieta Sm. After Ancey 88

44. Achatina bisculpta Smith. After Ancey 94

45. Achatina mariei Ancey. After Ancey 37

PLATE 14.

1. Cochlitoma livingstoni M. & P. Am. Mag 104

2. Achatina arctespira Bgt. Moll. Afr. Equat 67

3. Achatina ellioti Sm. Proc. Mai. Soc 71

4. Achatina milneedwardsiana Riv. Bull. Soc. Mai 38

PLATE 15.

5. 6. Achatina fulminatrix Marts. D. Ost-Afr 67

7, 9. Achatina castanea Lam. D. Ost-Afr 54

8. Achatina castanea Lam. Fer., Hist 54

PLATE 16.

10. Cochlitoma kraussii Rve. Specimen 87

11. Cochlitoma kraussii Rve. Conch. Syst 87

12. Achatina lactea Rve. Conch. Syst 35

13. Achatina chrysoleuca Pils. Specimen 59

PLATE 17.

14, 15. Achatina sylvatica Putz. Specimens 28

16. Achatina sylvatica Putz. After Putzeys 28

17. Achatina weynesi Dautz. After Dautzenberg 11

18. Achatina iostoma Pfr. Conch. Cab 32

19. Achatina schinziana Mouss. J. de Conch 16

PLATE 18.

21. Achatina tincta Reeve. Malak. Bl 12

22. Achatina tincta Reeve. Conch. Icon 12

23. Achatina tincta Reeve, type. Conch. Syst 12

20. Achatina oblitterata Dautz. After Dautzenberg. ... 13

PLATE 19.

24. 25. Achatina oblitterata Dautz. Malak. Bl : . .. 13

26, 27. Archachatina bicarinata carnea. Novit. Conch. . . 107

28, 29. Achatina ivensi = pf eifferi. J. de Conch 25

30. Achatina albicans Pfr. Conch. Cab.. 23

224 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 20.

1-3. Archachatina knorri Jonas. Specimens 118

4, 5. Archachatina papyracea adelinag Pils. Specimens . 118

PLATE 21.

6, 7. Archachatina purpurea Gmel. Specimens 114

8. Archachatina ventricosa Gld. Specimens 113

PLATE 22.

9, 10. Archachatina bayoli Morel. J. de Conch 118

11. Archachatina rhodostoma Phil. Abbild 115

12. Archachatina rhodostoma splendida Pils. Specimen. 116

PLATE 23.

13-16. Archachatina camerunensis Ailly. After d'Ailly. 119

17, 18. Archachatina papyracea Pfr. Conch. Cab 117

19. Archachatina ventricosa Gld. Specimen 113

PLATE 24.

20, 21. Archachatina ovum Pfr. Novit. Conch Ill

22, 23. Archachatina marginiata Swains. Specimens. . . . 109

PLATE 25.

24. Archachatina siderata live. Conch. Icon 117

25. Archachatina subsuturalis Pils. Abbild Ill

26. Archachatina marginata Swains. Specimen 109

PLATE 26.

27. Cochlitoma crawf ordi Morel. J. de C 93

28. Cochlitoma crawfordi Morel. Specimen 93

29. Cochlitoma aedigyra M. & P. Ann. and Mag 94

30. 31. Cochlitoma varicosa Pfr. Malak. Bl 92

32, 33. Cochlitoma varicosa Pfr. Novit. Conch 92

PLATE 27.

34. Cochlitoma fulgurata Pfr. Conch. Cab 85

35. Cochlitoma zebra obesa Pfr. Specimen 86

36. Cochlitoma kraussi Rve. Conch. Icon 87

37. Cochlitoma rhabdota M. & P. Ann and Mag 91

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 225

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 28.

38. Cochlitoma ustulata Lam. Fer., Hist 89

39. Cochlitoma zebra Brug. Couch. Icon 85

40. Cochlitoma penestes T\I. & P. Ann. and Mag 100

41. Cochlitoma delorioli Boumet. Rev. et Mag 82

PLATE 29.

42. Cochlitoma cinnamomea M. & P. Ann. and Mag.. . . 94

43. Cochlitoma linlerae Sowb. P. Z. S 102

44. Cochlitoma granulata Krauss. Specimen 79

45. Cochlitoma ustulata Lam. Conch. Syst 89

PLATE 30.

46. 47. Cochlitoma vestita Pf r. Novit. Conch 81

48, 49. Conchlitoma vestita Pfr. Specimen 81

50. Cochlitoma pentheri Stur. After Sturany 81

51, 52. Cochlitoma semidecussata Mke. Abbild 80

53. Cochlitoma semidecussata Mke. Specimen 80

PLATE 31.

I. Achatina achatina L. Specimen 9

PLATE 32.

3. Achatina monoehromatica Pils. Specimen 10

4. Cochlitoma drakensbergensis M. & P. Ann. and Mag. 103

5. Cochlitoma buruupi M. & P. Specimen 97

6. Cochlitoma dimidiata Sm. Specimen 95

PLATE 33.

7. Coclilitoma churchilliana M. & P. Ann. and Mag. . . . 101

8. 9. Aehatma rugosa Put/. Specimens 30

10. Cochlitoma churchilliana M. & P. Specimens. ..... 101

PLATE 34.

II. Cochlitoma scaevola M. & P. Ann. and Mag 98

12. Cochlitoma rugosa Putz. After Putzeys 30

13. Cochlitoma stuhlmanni Marts. D. Ost-Afr 68

14. Leptocala pulchella Marts. Monatsbericht . 73

15. Leptocala petitia Jouss. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr 73

226 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 35.

15. Achatina reticulata Pfr. C. Cab 31

16. Achatina antourtourensis Cr. Moll. Madag 46

17. Achatina allisa Rve. C. Icon 33

PLATE 36.

18. Achatina fulica Fer. "W.Africa." Specimen. .. 55, 57

19. Achatina fulica Fer. Mauritius. Typical specimen. 55

20. Achatina fulica Fer. Madagascar. Specimen 55, 57

PLATE 37.

21. Achatina fulica coloba Pils. Specimen 58

22. Achatina fulica, pathologic, v. d. Decken's Relse 58

23. Achatina fulica Fer. Calcutta. Specimen 55

24. Achatina fulica Fer. C. Icon 57

PLATE 38.

25-27. Achatina pfeifferi Dkr. Phil., Abbild 24

28. Achatina pfeifferi Dkr. Specimen. . . 24

30. Achatina panthera var., Zomba, P. Z. S 44

31. Achatina panthera Fer. Fer., Hist 41

PLATE 39.

32. Achatina panthera lamarckiana Pfr. Specimen. ... 42

33. Achatina leucostyla Pils. Specimen 45

34. 35. Achatina capelloi Furt. J. de Conch 28

PLATE 40.

1,1. Petitia nitida Marts. (= grandidieriana). Conch.

Mittheil 76

2, 3. Achatina leucostyla Pils. Specimens 45

4. Achatina studleyl Melv. & Pons. Proc. Mai. Soc 14

PLATE 41.

5, 6. Achatina panthera chrysoderma Pils. Specimens. . 46

7. Corhlitoma machachensis Smith. Proc. Mai. Soc 84

8. Achatina piritoi Bgt. Af r. Equat 63

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 227

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 42.

6, 7. Leptocala grandddieriana Bgt, Afr. Equal 75

8. Aehatina panthera (mossambica), epiphragm. After

Brancsik 2

9. Aehatina panthera neumanni Marts. D. Ost-Af r 45

10. Aehatina iostoma ( ?). After Buchholz 32

PLATE 43.

1, 2. Aehatina immaculafba Lam. Specimens 50

3, 4. Callistoplepa pellucida Putz. Soc. Malac. Belg 128

PLATE 44.

1. Archachatina papyracea Pf r. C. Icon 117

2. Aehatina maculata Dh. Fer., Hist 48

3. Ceras dautzenbergi Dup. et Putz. Soc. Malac. Belg.. 155

4. 5. Ceras ma-nyemaense Dup. et Putz. Soc. Malac. Belg. 155

6. Oolunma eolumna Mull., egg. After Rang 121

7. Columna eolumna Mull. After Rang 121

PLATE 45.

1, 2. Aehatina occidentals Pils. Specimen 23

3. Aehatina rodatzi Dkr. Novit. Conch 60

PLATE 46.

4. Archachatina bicardnata Brug. Specimen 107

5-9. Columna eolumna Mull. Specimen 121

10, 11. Columna hainesi Pfr. Specimen 124

12. Columna leai Tryon. Specimen 123

13. Columna leai Tryon. Am. Journ. Conch 123

PLATE 47.

14-17. Callistoplepa barriana Sowb. After d'Ailly 127

18-20. Callistoplepa shuttleworthi Pfr. After d'Ailly.. 127
21, 22. Callistoplepa marteli Dautz. After Dautzenberg. 129

23. Callistoplepa fratercula D. & P. Soc. Mai. Belg.... 129

PLATE 48.

24, 25. Clavator elavator Petit. Mag. Zool 200

26. Clavator placostyloides Kob. Specimen 195

27, 28. Clavator vayssieri ABC. Journ. de Conch 195

228 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 49.

29. Clavator grandidieri C. & F. Joum. de Conch 194

30. Clavator obtusatus Gmel. Moll. Madag 196

31. Clavator obtusatus Gmel. Specimen 196

32. 33. Clavator moreleti Desh. Specimen 198

34. Clavator moreleti Desh. Fer., Hist 198

35. Clavator subobtusatus C. & F. J. de Conch 197

36. Clavator moreleti Dh. Moll. Madag 198

PLATE 50.

37. Cla.vator jolmsoni Smith. P. Z. S 200

38. Clavator waters! Ang. P. Z. S 197

39. Clavator eximius balstoni Ang. Specimen 203

40. 41. Clavator eximius crossei Kob. Moll. Madag 204

PLATE 51.

42, 43. Clavator heimburgi Kob. Conch. Cab 201

44. Clavator eximius balstoni Ang. P. Z. S 203

45, 46. Clavator eximius Shuttl. Notitise 202

PLATE 52.

46-49. Chilonopsis nonpareil Perry. P. Z. S 174

50,51. Chilonopsis nonpareil darvinia.nus Fbs. P. Z. S. 177

52. Chilonopsis terebellum Sowb. Joum. Geol. Soc 179

53. Chilonopsis melauioides Woll. Specimen 177

54. Chilonopsis subtruncatus Smith. P. Z. S 180

55. 56. Chilonopsis subplicatus Sowb. Specimen 178

57. Chilonopsis exulatus Bens. Specimen 180

58. Chilonopsis exulatus Bens. P. Z. S 180

59. Chilonopsis turtoni Smith. P. Z. S 181

60. Chilonopsis turtoni Smith. Specimen 181

PLATE 53.

60. Rumina decollata maura (==pavia?). J. de Conch.. 214

61. Rumina decollata maura (=-paviae). Rossm., Icon-

out- 214

62. Ruinina decollata claviformis Kob. Rossm., Iconogr. 214

fi:>. liumina decollata var. Rossm., Iconogr 214

C>\. Uiimina decollata ventricosa Bgt. Rossm., Iconogr.. 214

65, (Hi. K'imima decollata maxima Bgt, Rossm., Iconogr. 214

67. Rimi'ma decollata var. .K'ossm., Iconogr 214

68. liiiinina decollata ventricosa Bgt. Mai. Alg 214

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 229

FIGURE PAGE

69. Rumina decollata lanceolata Bgt, Mai. Alg 214

70. Rumina decollata L. Moll. France 212

71. Rumina decollata flaramulata Bgt. Rossm., Iconogr. 214

72. Rumina decollata flammulata Bgt. Mai. Alg 214

PLATE 54.

73-79. Riebeckia sokotorana Marts. Conch. Mittheil 205

80. Riebeckia gollonsirensis G.-A. Socotra Exped 206

81. Riebeckia gollonsirensis G.-A. P. Z. S 206

82. Riebeckia. decipiens Sm. Conch. Mittheil 206

83. Riebeckia decipiens Sm. Socotra Exped 206

84. Riebeckia insculpta Sm. Socotra Exped 208

PLATE 55.

85. 86. Riebeckia adonensis G.-A. P. Z. S 207

87, 88. Riebeckia adonensis G.-A. Conch. Mittheil 207

89,90. Riebeckia arguta Martens. Conch. Mittheil 209

91,92. Rie'beckia hirsuta G.-A. (= arguta). P. Z. S. . . 210

93. Riebeckia Jessica G.-A. ( =arguta). P. Z. S 210

94, 95. Triehodina barbigera Morel. Ser. Conch 182

96. Triehodina marmorea Rve. C. Icon 182

97. Riebeckia enodis G.-A. P. Z. S 208

98. Riebeckia enodis G.-A. Socotra Exped 208

99. Rumina decollata L. After Dupuy 212

I, 2, 3. Rumina decollata gracilis Pfr. After Kobelt. . . 215

PLATE 56.

4. Triehodina moniticola Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch 186

5-8. Triehodina monticola Morelet, After Girard 186

9, 10. Triehodina clavus Pfr. Specimens 184

II. Triehodina clavus Pfr. After Reeve 184

12. Triehodina paxillus Reeve. After Reeve 186

13. Triehodina massoniana Crosse. J. de Conch 184

14. 15. Triehodina massonia.na Crosse. Specimen 184

16, 17. Triehodina aratispira Pils. Specimen 185

18, 19. Triehodina lotophaga Morel. Fer., Hist 191

20. Triehodina lotophaga Morel. Ser. Conch 191

PLATE 57.

21, 22. Triehodina cornea Morel. J. de Conch 189

23. Triehodina cornea Morel. Specimen 189

24. Triehodina monacha Morel. J. de Conch.. 188

230 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

25, 26. Trichodina olivacea Pils. Specimens 189

27. Trichodina pallens Pfr. (= - simpularia). Novit.

Couch 190

28. Trichodina simpularia Morel. Ser. Conch 190

29. 30. Homorus cylindraceus Bgt. Af r. Equat 144

31. Homorus jouberti Bgt. Afr. Equat 144

32, 33. Homorus oleatus Marts. After Martens 146

34. Homorus nigellus Morel. Voy. Welwitsch 147

35, 36. Pseudoglessnla humicola D. et P. After D. and P. 163

37. Homorus nebulosus Morel. J. de Conch 148

38,39. Pseudoglessula diaphana D. et P. After D. and P. 164

PLATE 58.

40, 41. Homorus cyanostoma Pfr. Conch. Cab 131

42. Homorus cyanostoma Pfr. Specimen 131

43, 44. Homorus vernicosus Jick. After Jickeli 132

45, 46. Homorus variabilis Jick. After Jickeli 134

47. Homorus variabilis Ihotellerii Bgt. After Jickeli. . . 135

48. Homorus variabilis jickelii Bgt. After Jickeli 135

49. Homorus perrierianus Bgt. Afr. Equat 137

50. Homorus antinorii Morelet. After Morelet 133

51. Homorus ragazzii Poll. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital 132

52. 53. Homorus darnaudi Pfr. Novit. Conch 133

54, 55. Homorus angustatus Jick. After Jickeli 135

56, 57. Homorus suavolens Jick. After Jickeli 136

58, 59. Homorus subulatus Jick. After Jickeli 136

PLATE 59.

60, 61, 62. Homorus opeas Pils. Specimen 151

63, 64. Homorus decollatus Morel. J. de Conch 153

65, 66, 67, 68. Homorus pattalus Pils. Specimens 147

69. Homorus bacilli formis Jonas. Abbild 152

70, 71. Homorus involutus Old. Specimen 150

72,7:5. Homorus sowerbyanus Morel. Specimen 145

74. Homorus sowerbyanus Morel. J. de Conch 145

PLATE 60.

75. Homorus badius Marts. Conch. Mittheil 149

76. 77. Homorus lugubris Morel. J. de Conch 154

78. Homorus martensi D. et. P. After Dup. et Putz 148

79. Homorus lentus Smith. P. Z. S 143

80. I'omnrus lentus Smith. Afr. Equat 143

81. Homorus usagaricus Sin. Am. Mag 142

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 231

FIGURE PAGE

82. Homorus mamboiensis circumstriatus Mart. D. Ost-

Afr 140

83. Iloniorus mamboiensis Smith. Ann. and Mag 140

84. Homoi'us lagariensis Smith. Proc. Malac. Soc 141

85. 86. Homorus eastaneus Marts. D. Ost-Afr 139

87. Homorus silvicola Marts. D. Ost-Afr 141

88. Homorus solidiusculus Sm. P. Z. S 142

PLATE 61.

89. Pseudoglessula leroyi Bgt. Afr. Equat 168

90. 91. Pseudoglessula kirki Crav. P. Z. S 166

92. Pseudoglessula gracilior Smith. Specimen 167

93. Pseudoglessula prestoni Smith. Specimen 167

94. Pseudoglessula introversa Smith. Ann, and Mag... 169

95. Pseudoglessula subcarinifera Smith. Ann. and Mag. 169

96. 97. Pseudoglessula heteracra Bttg. Conch. Cab 165

98. Pseudoglessula fuscidula Morel. Voy. Welwitsch. . . 160

99. Pseudoglessula conradti Marts. D. Ost-Afr 170

2, 3. Pseudoglessula duseni d'Ailly. After d'Ailly 159

4,5. Pseudoglessula retif era Martens. After Martens. . 164

6,7. Pseudoglessula sjostedti d'Ailly. After d'Ailly... 165

8, 9. Pseudoglessula abetifiana Rolle. Conch. Cab 162

10. Pseudoglessula clavata Gray. Conch. Icon 157

11. Pseudoglessula clavata Gray. Monatsber 157

12. Pseudoglessula clavata Gray. After d'Ailly 157

13. Pseudoglessula strigosa Morel. Voy. Welwitsch. . . . 161

14. Pseudoglessula muscorum Morel. Voy. Welwitsch. . 161

PLATE 62.

15, 16, 17. Homorus cyanostoma Pfr. After Jickeli .... 130

18. Pseudoglessula leroyi Bgt. After Martens. . . ., 156

19. Trichodina (Boeageia) lotophaga Mor. After Girard. 191

20. 21. Chikmopsis melanioides Well. After Pilsbry 171

22,23,24. Achatina panthera Fer. After Wiegmann... xii

25, 27. Chilonopsis sulcata F. de W. Bull. Moscou 177

26. Pseudoglessula ( ?) humicola Dup. After Dupuis, 157, 163

PLATE 63.

29. Archachatina bicarinata Brug. After Ferussac.... xiv

30,32. Achatina panthera Fer. After Wiegmann xii

31. Pseudoglessula phasa Putz. After Putzeys 162

232 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

t
FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 64.

64. Achatina chrysoleuca Pils. Winchester, del xii

65, 66. Achatina leucostyla Pils. Pilsbry, del xii

67. Achatina zebra Brug., embryo. After Semper xiii

68. Achatina chrysoleuca Pils. Pilsbry, del xii

69. 70, 71. Cochlitoma crawfordi Morel. Pilsbry, del. . . . xiii

PLATE 65.

41, 42. Limicolaria vanattai Pils. Winchester, del xi

43. Eumina decollata L., pharynx and salivary glands,

from below. Pilsbry, del 211

44-46. Rumina decollata L. Pilsbry, del 211

DATES OP ISSUE OP THE PARTS OF VOL. XVII.

Part 65, pp. 1-64, plates 1 to 10, Sept. 23, 1904.
Part 66, pp. 65-112, plates 11 to 23, Nov. 26, 1904.
Part 67, pp. 113-208, plates 24 to 43, March 1, 1905.
Part 68, pp. 209-232, plates 44 to 65, June, 1905.
Title-page, Contents and Introduction, June, 1905.

Aehatinidse

PLATE 1

5?

: '{ . .. . i" ) J

Achatinidae

PLATE 2

10

'

Aehatinidse

PLA/TE 3

'^ '-'-' ''. : ^",- ;,N > \*.--i^l
-7-: - $ '. '' r .

7..' '>*' '*-''j

- SJIsr

t

iJS^WWHA* tWftTt" 1 ] , * . '"" >/'' ' -'",:-

M- ^

Aehatinidse

PLATE 4

Achatinidae.

PLATE 8.

'> <

.,." '"

'f?T-,

6

Achatinidae.

PLATE 6

12

urn

c/

14

Aehatinidse

PLATE 7

-

"#$ '^SA -" %

V v f ,. > V -.

11

'
!

Aehatinidse

PLATE 8

^ * ?%
i % ' ',-%
.: .^ i/ .

1 9

21

1 . . . -/i''-V'

Achatinidse

PLATE 9

24-

Achatin idae

PLATE 1O

w

"*S ' s J ; \ '" <
_%

, . - !- j t -.

Achatinidse

PLATE 11

.

-: ' \

'

'

32

T

-

'.* * , 1. , - N ^

/I

' .V I A t If '-.'. ' \. . . ', \\ -.S, i V . - . .. 'V. '- -B

m

Aehatinidae

PLATE 12

Aehatinidse

PLATE 13

** --Ji ; , < *

\-2

I -

Achatinidse

PLATE 14

m K

% \ i W

me, . % ,Vf \

\.

2

v*

1-

Aehatinidse

PLATE 15

if l .

<

'

8

9

Aehatinidae

PLATE 16

Jpf

, '*"'*'.

.I, 1 .--."'; 1 '.-".. ',:::-.

' . .< ; ; '-:

$ --""

Aehatinidae

PLATE 17

Aehatinidae

PLATE 18

i''Jr'\X>i \

,1^ J

V ' "

Achatinidae

PLATE 19

.>../ ,....

/ T ' &&V'..

i

.

J r-ffS, -V*l

25

Aehatinidas

PLATE 2O

Achatinidse

PLATE 21

, ,^-r,
*F?-Y-. '

,

my " fifijli

,

6

,.;
I : 'Y;.V

%^

^:^lli

v \v. '-^v-> -

. , - '

; '

^r , '

*>. -

Aehatinidse

PLATE 22

T3. v .*-, -. , -:-^. -.

\

Achatinidse,

PLATE 23

19

Aehatinidse

PLATE 24

\

:

T^*^ .';: :

. : "Vv"'

' -&V
, -^r"- . v ,, v -j V ^ ?

/I t^M : -

23

21

. -

Aehatinidse

-

PLATE 26

,

.:

-

"H

:

.>,

I

I

V' 1 -.
\ K .

26

Aehatinidse

'"'I i i # , '.
% si.:*

^ ?

-

/'

I '? : ^

33

PLATE 27

'1

U

I

36

37

- >

Aehati nidge

.

PLATE 28

\

''-

38

4-0

M

Aehatinidae

PLATE 29

.

J^ r /

Aehatinidss

PLATE SO

,-

:;""''

; * r-j* * 44 ' '.-\\VCVi

. ' . >y

.

P

. .* { . &-'^\ v I" -J \ l , !

*,^wv\ \ , , .= . :

\ \'^-.^' f ':

''' W, X Y"^'?M'.HRSS?

II

w

51

Aehatinidse

PLATE 31

\

' .

--*

! ' -i.,.,^1-
i

&V

' '- ' v ' ''''

i^viHli -;'v\

-,!!V-, - -ViU, v',:.

, '- -.. '.I." ,'. ' ! ' ' " ' t",

' - .-- . 'l , -. ;-.'

'^V^-Cv

Aehatinidse

PLATE 32

.,J.'r;HU*> - :"CTW

; i||fS|\M

li

.

' *!S '

...---',-

' ' '

iv'-.i ; '-'

'.' '.v"- r - ' ,'?'

; . '-'" ,J ;>

Achatinidse

PLATE 33

I :

8

M^

": \

|
.

: 3 v

': '

-

x V^--'

f 9

10

Aehatinidse

PLATE 34

' '

i

m.

^'

'

\

.

13

.

/

-:

Achatinidae

PLATE 35

A c h a * in >

PLATE 36

'

fe -

tfe

' -i. ' . '' '-

' \. V.

.

'

!
s

itf

" i

r- MA-
MI , -r ;

;.? /: .- ^L

i - ' i

19

Aehatinida: 1

PLATE

, r ' '"

.

'

:

Aehatinidae

PLATE 38

Achatinidse

PLATE

\

:

33

Achatinidae

PLATE 4O

-

,

Aehatinidse

PLATE 41

.

-

5

-\ '
i

8

s

r

I .

6

' .

Achatinidse

PLATE 42

I

--.-

Aehatinidae

-'

PLATF

//;; .; : ! : . ; ';<''; ,- . ^%. "/.V'^

\; - ' . V .' ' ' v^: ; '''-

'ftlr.J

Aehatinidse

PLATE 44

i n id.

PLATE 45

I :.

,

PLATE 46

,

! :: ' ?

i>

&'

1 mm "

sU ; . KM -

; *$$

li &'i ' '

'*/' ' 1 '

': .

-

*?'*

-iv"d "4. . -ar

^vV? /
' i *^! ^ 'f

i, "

f .1 * .V. ^: - 11 . . ' V U' l

.

I \mw ;

'it "jjfcfc

'fi \ ' ^ '. 1

,.

'*i

Achatinidae

PLATE 4.7

'

:* VriiP^* ; .^ t . *'- '

]5

?f/-'

' ,

-

,";

V:Y$fey& :

-

17

>-

.

L'J

Aehatinidse

PLATE 48

SJ

28

Achatinidae

PLATE 49

Aehatinidse

PLATE SO

*<$wm

^rtjSrti^VX'.jp^

#*$?< ,^ ; HI
' ; '" ; *i

Aehatinidae

PLATE 81

Achatinidse

PLATE 52

56

60

Aehatinidse

PLATE 53

-

Aehatinidse

PLATE 54

-

84-

Aehatinidee

PLATE F58

,
"

Achatinidse

PLATE 86

12

Achatinidse

PLATE 87

21

,

L'l'

m '"""

23

Achatinidae

PLATE 88

Achatinidse

PLATE B9

70

71

Achatinidae

PLATE 6O

[58

Aehatinidse

PLATE 61

Achatinidse

PLATE 62

Aehatinidae

PLATE 63

Achatinidae

PLATE 64

71

Achatinidee

PLATE 68